This paper develops a method for studying pedestrian to car impacts through detailed multi-body modelling of various pedestrian anthropometries and vehicle types. The pedestrian models constitute a multi-body representation of the global joint kinematics and inertia for five representative body sizes. Advanced injury criteria are defined for the pedestrian lower extremities, knee, thorax and head. The vehicle model of a small family car is defined by a facet element mesh for the front-end and windshield of the car. The contact stiffness is variable over the location on the vehicle mesh and has been validated against experimental results and FE simulations of the EEVC impactor tests. The underlying structures of the hood are defined as rigid ellipsoids. The developed model is applied to the reconstruction of two PCDS cases with a small family car. Injury risk data was collected from the simulation model and compared to the injury outcome for the pedestrians involved in these two cases. Results of this study show that the detailed model can distinguish the injury severity for various body parts at impact locations on the vehicle. For the covering abstract see ITRD E825082.

Pedestrian crash reconstruction using multi-body modeling with geometrically detailed, validated vehicle models and advanced pedestrian injury criteria

A Study of Influences of Vehicle Speed and Front Structure on Pedestrian Impact Responses Using Mathematical Models

The most important factor in pedestrian injuries from vehicle collisions is the impact velocity. In cases where the impact configuration can be ascertained, the most common method now used to determine vehicle speed involves the pedestrian projection distance. The more traditional method of using tyre brake marks is losing applicability as ABS braking systems become more common. The two most common impact configurations are wrap projection and forward projection, these being determined by the vehicle/pedestrian geometry and the initial conditions of the impact. In this paper, two models are presented for pedestrian forward and wrap projection impacts. These models are predicated on separating the total projection distance into the individual projection distances occurring during three principal phases of the collision. The models are novel as they use a rigid single-segment body representation of the pedestrian, include explicit modelling of the impact phase, and also allow for uncertainty in the ...

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Vehicle-pedestrian collisions: Validated models for pedestrian impact and projection

Multibody simulations of pedestrian impact scenarios as well as pedestrian accident reconstructions have been used and improved through the years to enhance the pedestrian protection (Lestrelin 1980, Wismans 1982 to Van Hoof 2003, Yao 2005). In these years, pedestrian multibody models have been developed and validated extensively but there has not been a uniform approach to the pedestrian-vehicle contact interactions. In general, the reference values used for the stiffnesses of the impacted cars were individually obtained for each car through testing (Mizuno 2000) or through FEM simulations (Van Rooij 2003). This paper aims to define and supply to the research community appropriate and wide test based estimates on the stiffnesses of the European vehicles front parts for pedestrian simulations through the development of a set of stiffness corridors based on the pedestrian subsystem tests from European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP) Based on the 425 tests that EuroNCAP has made available for APROSYS SP3 sub-project, this paper defines procedures to derive the vehicle stiffness out of these pedestrian tests. Moreover, these methodologies are applied extensively to these 425 tests to build a set of stiffness corridors for the different vehicle front parts areas. Finally, some guidelines are included in the paper to use appropriately the obtained corridors to simulate properly the different current European vehicles.

Stiffness Corridors of the European Fleet for Pedestrian Simulations

This chapter reviews the basic features of some mathematical occupant simulation models. Models reviewed include 2D/3D complicated gross-motion simulators, such as MADYMO 2D/3D and CAL3D, an integrated crash victim simulator (CVS) model with various finite element analysis (FEA) airbag models and their couplings with CVS programs for automotive safety applications. Historical development, analytic formulation/solution, experimental validation, application, and the experience with these models is discussed. Development trends in FEA approaches by integrating structure/occupant simulation models for safety/crashworthiness analysis are also discussed, and state-of-the-art simulation models for predicting injuries of human brain, neck, and lower extremities are presented.

A review of mathematical occupant simulation models

In this paper four pedestrian models will be presented: three 2-dimensional models with 2, 5 and 7-segments respectively and one 3-dimensional model with 15 segments. All these models were formulated with the general Crash Victim Simulation package MADYMO. Model results will be compared with the experimental results of a Part 572 dummy impacted lateral at two velocities (30 and 40 km/h). The reliability of the models with respect to their complexity will be discussed. Special attention will be given to the mathematical representation of the contact between the pedestrian and sharp vehicle edges and the visualization of the complex 3-dimensional pedestrian motions with a recently developed 3D-Graphics Package.

MADYMO Pedestrian Simulations

Mathematical models for the assessment of pedestrian protection provided by a car contour

MADYMO is a compact general purpose computer program package for the simulation of the human body in an impact environment. This package was developed in the Netherlands at TNO with financial support of the Dutch government (SWOV). Several research projects using MADYMO and additional theoretical developments have been supported within the scope of the EEC biomechanics program. This paper discusses application of this program package for the analyses of the thoraxes of four side impact dummies. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 286949. (Author/TRRL)

The madymo crash victim simulation package and its application in analyzing thoraxes of side impact dummies. biomechanics of impacts in road accidents. proceedings of the seminar held in brussels, 21-23 march 1983

J. Wismans

Papers

MADYMO Pedestrian Simulations

Mathematical models for the assessment of pedestrian protection provided by a car contour

The madymo crash victim simulation package and its application in analyzing thoraxes of side impact dummies. biomechanics of impacts in road accidents. proceedings of the seminar held in brussels, 21-23 march 1983