This is the first part of a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the techniques for tracking maneuvering targets without addressing the so-called measurement-origin uncertainty. It surveys various mathematical models of target motion/dynamics proposed for maneuvering target tracking, including 2D and 3D maneuver models as well as coordinate-uncoupled generic models for target motion. This survey emphasizes the underlying ideas and assumptions of the models. Interrelationships among models and insight to the pros and cons of models are provided. Some material presented here has not appeared elsewhere.

Survey of maneuvering target tracking. Part I. Dynamic models

This is the third part of a series of papers that provide a comprehensive survey of the techniques for tracking maneuvering targets without addressing the so-called measurement-origin uncertainty. Part I [1] and Part II [2] deal with general target motion models and ballistic target motion models, respectively. This part surveys measurement models, including measurement model-based techniques, used in target tracking. Models in Cartesian, sensor measurement, their mixed, and other coordinates are covered. The stress is on more recent advances - topics that have received more attention recently are discussed in greater details.

A Survey of Maneuvering Target Tracking—Part III: Measurement Models

This is the first part of a series of papers that provide a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the problems and techniques of tracking maneuvering targets in the absence of the so-called measurement-origin uncertainty. It surveys the various mathematical models of target dynamics proposed for maneuvering target tracking, including 2D and 3D maneuver models as well as coordinate-uncoupled generic models for target dynamics. This survey emphasizes the underlying ideas and assumptions of the models. Interrelationships among the models surveyed and insight to the pros and cons of the models are provided. Some material presented here has not appeared elsewhere.

Survey of maneuvering target tracking: dynamic models

A new and practical terminal guidance law is presented for impact angle control for two-dimensional active homing engagement scenarios. Impact angle control is required to enhance terminal effectiveness of antitank and antiship missile systems in particular. The proposed guidance law is developed to cope with missile velocity reduction due to aerodynamic drag and target maneuver. In actual applications, the proposed guidance law is combined in cascade with a target tracking filter under the certainty equivalence principle. The proposed guidance law in conjunction with the target tracking filter is shown to be effective in antiship active homing engagement scenarios by a series of Monte Carlo simulation runs.

Impact angle control for planar engagements

Filtering problems with kinematic constraints which may arise in target tracking problems are considered. A novel approach which treats kinematic constraints as additional fictitious or pseudomeasurements is proposed. A numerical example is provided to show the technical feasibility of the proposed idea for target tracking problems. This example shows that the proposed method can improve estimation accuracy significantly for velocity and acceleration states in the tracking problem. However, it is noted that the tracking performance may be deteriorated if the constraints do not properly represent the target characteristics and a small R/sub c/ is chosen. >

Target tracking problems subject to kinematic constraints

A suboptimal Kalman filter design method is presented for the problem of tracking a maneuvering target. The design method is essentially based on linear target dynamics and linear-like structured measurements called pseudomeasurements. The pseudomeasurements are obtained by manipulating the original nonlinear measurements algebraically. The resulting filter has computational advantages over other filters with similar performance. Also, a variant of the Berg model is proposed as a target acceleration model under the assumption of a coordinated turn maneuver. The proposed model is consistent with the underlying assumption. Monte Carlo computer simulation results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed suboptimal filter associated with the target acceleration model. >

Suboptimal filter design with pseudomeasurements for target tracking

We demonstrate an array operation of 20 nm self-selecting memory (SSM) for the first time. SSM shows extremely high cell performance, great reliability, and promising scalability below technodes of 1z nm. The innovation of material engineering enables memory-selector duality, which can reduce the aspect ratio (AR) and consequently lead to better scalability. Read window margin (RWM), the main hurdle for high density array operation, was successfully obtained by cell stack materials engineering with the help of bipolar write operations. Sufficient RWM can be obtained even below a write pulse of 20 ns for both Set and Reset, and at a much lower write current than the conventional 3D cross-point memory (3DXP), which guarantees extremely low write latency and power consumption. Owing to the low write current and short write pulse, SSM also displayed superior write cycle endurance, compared with conventional 3DXP. Due to the elimination of phase change material (PCM), SSM showed no write disturbance (thermal disturbance), and this can improve the total system power consumption and performance as well.

J.Y. Ahn

Papers

Suboptimal filter design with pseudomeasurements for target tracking

Extremely high performance, high density 20nm self-selecting cross-point memory for Compute Express Link