Stakeholder theory has been a popular heuristic for describing the management environment for years, but it has not attained full theoretical status. Our aim in this article is to contribute to a theory of stakeholder identification and salience based on stakeholders possessing one or more of three relationship attributes: power, legitimacy, and urgency. By combining these attributes, we generate a typology of stakeholders, propositions concerning their salience to managers of the firm, and research and management implications.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/259247.pdf

Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of who and What Really Counts

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/201/4359/899.2.full.pdf

Phenomenology of perception.

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) field presents not only a landscape of theories but also a proliferation of approaches, which are controversial, complex and unclear. This article tries to clarify the sit- uation, ''mapping the territory'' by classifying the main CSR theories and related approaches in four groups: (1) instrumental theories, in which the corporation is seen as only an instrument for wealth creation, and its social activities are only a means to achieve economic results; (2) political theories, which concern themselves with the power of corporations in society and a responsible use of this power in the political arena; (3) integrative theories, in which the corporation is focused on the satisfaction of social demands; and (4) ethical theories, based on ethical responsibilities of corporations to society. In practice, each CSR theory presents four dimensions related to profits, political performance, social demands and ethical values. The findings suggest the necessity to develop a new theory on the business and society relationship, which should integrate these four dimensions.

Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory

This article is intended to enhance the position of stakeholder theory as an integrating theme for the business and society field. It offers an instrumental theory of stakeholder management based on a synthesis of the stakeholder concept, economic theory, behavioral science, and ethics. The core theory—that a subset of ethical principles (trust, trustworthiness, and cooperativeness) can result in significant competitive advantage—is supplemented by nine research propositions along with some research and policy implications.

Instrumental stakeholder theory: a synthesis of ethics and economics

The authors argue that counseling psychologists will benefit from the development of conceptual frameworks that focus attention and consideration on the moral dimensions of psychotherapeutic practice. The authors present such a conceptualization with respect to actual psychotherapeutic conversations, and they provide an empirical illustration of how this conceptual framework illuminates the moral dimension of such conversations. The authors also briefly explore possibilities for further conceptual and empirical study of moral aspects of counseling and psychotherapy.

The Moral Dimension A Conceptualization and Empirical Demonstration of the Moral Nature of Psychotherapeutic Conversations

The conception and theory of agency as self-regulation that is contained within Bandura's social cognitive theory is examined and elaborated in the context of the relevant philosophical history of ideas and through consideration of recent work in theoretical developmental psychology. Implications for self-regulated learning in classrooms are considered. In particular, it is suggested that the understanding of agency contained within social cognitive theory as elaborated herein might be developed as an alternative to conceptions of self-regulation and agency within constructivist and socioculturalist theorizing in educational psychology. However, the classroom application of such an alternative would require a much less dualistic and teacher-directed form of teaching than suggested in much past and current social cognitive work on self-regulation.

Self-Regulated Learning, Social Cognitive Theory, and Agency.

Psychology and the Question of Agency

The way to read this little book is to share in the authors' concern for understanding individuals and for vindicating psychology as a discipline concerned with the psychological development of individuals. The authors' collaboration in the pursuit of "an understanding of socioculturally enabled individual psychological development" (p. xvi) is an extended argument that is didactically satisfying, even as it is intellectually promiscuous. It is satisfying because their concerns are of the heart; it is promiscuous because their expressed effort is one of borrowing and attempted reconciliation from divergent philosophical perspectives. Ironically, there is little concrete psychological inquiry here, and little on the meaning and significance of human suffering in becoming a person. Rather, its strength as well as its weakness resides in the perspective and approach it advocates in the study of human being, and so provides, as Donald Polkinghorn writes in his illuminating Foreword, a "groundwork that other scholars can use to explore personhood further" (p. xiv).The first three of the book's six chapters are devoted to a presentation and elaboration of the authors' "metaphysical" thesis of "dynamic interactionism," the last three to an instantiation of this thesis in the domains of psychotherapy, education, and psychological inquiry. Throughout these chapters the authors juxtapose social constructionism and cognitive constructivism as instances of "holism" and "atomism," respectively, and as extant psychological paradigms for the understanding of individuals. Since they recognize that these paradigms have "fundamentally different assumptions and metatheories" and so preclude integration, they assume as their task to formulate a "new theoretical approach, one with ontological and epistemological assumptions different from either of the positions," so as to ground the relation between social-cultural and psychological individual realities (p. 5).This new theoretical approach borrows explicitly from recent continental philosophy, notably from Heidegger's ontology and from Gadamer's hermeneutics conceived as an epistemology for psychology and the human sciences. Less explicit but evident throughout the text are borrowings from Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology and from Charles Taylor in support of the individual -- that is, the person -- as that incarnate mode of experience sublimated in language, meaning, and history. Later, in an instantiation of their thesis in the context of education, the authors also find their perspective converging with the work of Mead and Dewey, and indeed, for better or worse, the style of the entire theoretical formulation exemplifies a strong pragmatic orientation. Not surprisingly then, even if their theoretical approach is philosophically overdetermined and therefore promiscuous, they do stipulate their use of such frequently occurring terms as "metaphysics," "ontology," and "epistemology."The proposed metaphysics of dynamic interactionism is presented as a challenge to the lingering Cartesianism of the discipline that separates mind from body and individual from social-cultural context. It is also intended to avoid the conclusions of post-structuralist thought (Barthes and Derrida are cited) that dissolves the individual into text, and the excesses of social constructionist thought that dissolves the individual into social and linguistic practices. Instead, the authors conceive of individual psychological experience and its constituting social-cultural context as "shifting ontologies" that are dynamically related in a manner that is historically "emergent and mutable," and do not permit ontological reduction of one to the other. So that while the social-cultural context is conceived as an enabling and constraining source in the formation of the individual self -- here the authors take cognitive constructivism to task -- the individual is "underdetermined" by its social-cultural sources. …

Jack Martin

Papers

The Moral Dimension A Conceptualization and Empirical Demonstration of the Moral Nature of Psychotherapeutic Conversations

Self-Regulated Learning, Social Cognitive Theory, and Agency.

Psychology and the Question of Agency

The psychology of human possibility and constraint

Participants' identification and recall of important events in counseling.