世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Internal migration in developing countries

To the Editor.— The editorial by Samuel Vaisrub, MD, "To the Best of Our Knowledge, Which Is Limited at Best" (241:278, 1979), was delightful, and its point was unhappily correct. It brought to my mind that demolisher of analytical studies, "to the best of our knowledge," or "as far as we know." It goes like this: We treated so many people, and we know this many are well, and so many have died; and this many,from whom we have not heard, are alive and well,as far as we know. Someone from whom you have not heard is more likely to be dead than alive.

To the Best of Our Knowledge

What determines gender inequality in household food security in Kenya? Application of exogenous switching treatment regression

The paper explores how competition from international trade affects gender wage discrimination in two open economies. According to neoclassical theory, if discrimination is costly, then increased industry competitiveness from international trade lessens the incentive for employers to discriminate against women. This effect should be stronger in concentrated sectors, where employers can use excess profits to cover the costs of discrimination. Alternatively, increased international trade may reduce women's bargaining power to achieve wage gains. Results for Taiwan and Korea indicate that, in contrast to neoclassical theory, competition from foreign trade in concentrated industries is positively associated with wage discrimination against women.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=531756

International Trade and Wage Discrimination: Evidence from East Asia

This article examines gender differences in the incidence of rural to urban migration in developing countries, particularly those of Sub‐Saharan Africa. The study distinguishes itself from current migration literature by suggesting that the gain in returns to observable attributes, as a result of migration, may differ by gender and could provide an explanation for gender differences in migration. Using data from Kenya, we estimate the urban‐to‐rural wage gap, separately for each gender, and decompose the gap into the components due to urban to rural differences in observable attributes and differences in returns to observable attributes. We find that the portion of the wage gap that is due to the gain in returns to observable attributes is larger for males, suggesting that males receive larger monetary returns as a result of migration and, consequently, have greater incentive to migrate to urban areas.

Gender differences in the incidence of rural to urban migration: evidence from Kenya.

Objective. Economic theory suggests that competition reduces employers' latitude to engage in wage discrimination (Becker, 1957). This study investigates the impact of foreign and domestic competition on wage discrimination.



Method. Utilizing the sample of males in U.S. manufacturing industries from the 1990 Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS), industry wage equations are estimated. In a second stage, the impact of domestic and foreign competition on racial wage disparity is assessed.



Results. We find little evidence to support our hypothesis.



Conclusions. Notwithstanding, the failure of conventional economic theory to satisfactorily explain racial wage disparity reiterates the need to incorporate alternative theories of discrimination into mainstream economic theory.

Competition and Wage Discrimination: The Effects of Interindustry Concentration and Import Penetration*

This paper examines the difference in research output of economics departments at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and non-HBCUs that are teaching institutions. We also examine the causal relationship between economics faculty research and the number of an institution's baccalaureate graduates who earn doctorates in economics. Our findings suggest that economics departments at HBCUs produce less research output relative to non-HBCUs. However, research output is equally effective in producing economics doctorates at both types of institutions. These findings suggest that a plausible way to increase the stock of black Ph.D. economists is to increase economics research at HBCUs.

Economics Faculty Research at Teaching Institutions: Are Historically Black Colleges Different?

In recent years, a literature has emerged that examines the research productivity of economics departments at non-research universities. I With the exception of Hartley and Robinson, 2 who include Morehouse and Spelman colleges in their sample, nothing in the literature provides insight into the research productivity of economics departments at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) exclusively. In this paper we rank forty HBCUs that have faculty roster listings in the 1996 Prentice Hall Guide to Economics Faculty) Our method of ranking HBCUs is based on two measures of research productivity. One measure captures research productivity exclusively in the discipline of economics. The second measure captures research output across a spectrum of disciplines, including economics. The latter measure is especially useful as many economics faculty at HBCUs are housed in multidisciplinary departments. An analysis and ranking of the research productivity of economics departments at HBCUs is of interest for at least two reasons. First, Bodenhorn argues that at teaching-oriented liberal arts colleges, an increasing emphasis is being placed on scholarly productivity, and these colleges are now making significant contributions to the literature of economics. 4 A ranking of economics departments at HBCUs, the majority of which are teaching oriented, would provide insights into the extent to which their faculty are engaged in scholarly activity and making con-

Jacqueline Agesa

Papers

Gender differences in the incidence of rural to urban migration: evidence from Kenya.

Competition and Wage Discrimination: The Effects of Interindustry Concentration and Import Penetration*

Economics Faculty Research at Teaching Institutions: Are Historically Black Colleges Different?

Economics Research at Historically Black Colleges and Universities : Rankings and Effects on the Supply of Black Economists*

The research productivity of black economists: Ranking by individuals and doctoral alma mater