The effect of innovation activities on innovation outputs in the Brazilian industry: Market-orientation vs. technology-acquisition strategies

Avoiding the internet of insecure industrial things

Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.

On cyber: The utility of military cyber operations during armed conflict

Satellites have revolutionized military strategy and the dynamics of national power. However, satellites themselves are fragile and can be destroyed by even miniscule projectiles. Anti-Satellite Weapons (ASATs) which exploit this weakness have long been prophesied as the Achilles heel of space power; yet orbit has remained relatively peaceful for more than sixty years. As the threat of cyber attacks against space assets looms, the impact that cyberspace will have on stability in outer space is not well understood. This paper presents a strategic analysis of the impact of cyber weapons on three key stabilizing factors which have thus far contributed to peace in space. Based on this analysis, it contends that cyber-ASATs threaten the foundations of space's longstanding stability due to their high accessibility, low attributability, and low risk of collateral damage. This conjecture is tested experimentally though the development of a simulated cyber-ASAT capability targeting one small component of satellite operations: space situational awareness data. By leveraging orbital simulations and genetic algorithms, we demonstrate the ability to artificially alter debris collision forecasts and cause direct harm to critical space systems without firing a single rocket. The attack method is tested in realistic simulations and shown to have a high success rate against realworld satellites of vital strategic importance. Our interdisciplinary approach unifies strategic analysis with technical experimentation to present the case that cyber-ASATs are not merely a distant theoretical threat, but a real and present danger to the balance of power in space.

/pdf/the-cyber-asat-on-the-impact-of-cyber-weapons-in-outer-space-5bxqkr8s7b.pdf

The Cyber-ASAT: On the Impact of Cyber Weapons in Outer Space

The legal implementation of internationally agreed norms on a domestic level gives momentum to a substantial reinterpretation. Based on this insight, this article develops an ideal-typology of possible ‘localization’ outcomes. Apart from a literal adoption of an international norm, we show that the domestic implementation may change its emphasis (accentuation), amend it by supplementary purposes (addition), or imply a deviation which nevertheless sticks to the letter of the international wording (subversion). We argue that the specific form of localization depends on the interaction between international pressure politics and its congruence with the prevailing domestic public and private preferences. International power constellations explain why an international norm is implemented, but the specific character of its localization is mainly determined by domestic actor constellations. To substantiate our claims, we analyze the implementation of two interconnected international agreements in India a...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09692290.2015.1133442

Varieties of localization: international norms and the commodification of knowledge in India and Brazil

The use of cyberspace as an operational domain to wage war emerged with the development of the internet in the latter part of the twentieth century An increased reliance on the internet as the pri

Cyber warfare and the laws of war

From both jus ad bellum and jus in bello perspectives, the lawfulness of unmanned aerial vehicle/combat drone strikes have been examined extensively but not yet
exhaustively. Recent advances in technology allow combat drones to operate as a swarm—similar to their vespidae counterparts. An overly simplistic conclusion would suggest that the current legal tapestry applicable to solo drone usage would ‘automatically’ apply to drones acting collectively or as a swarm. This article, however,
posits a more controversial position that the technological uniqueness of individual drones acting as a swarm necessitates a more thorough deconstruction of the
applicable legal framework. In other words, does the unique way in which a swarm operates lawfully comply with both jus ad bellum and jus in bello parameters? Crucial to this discussion, is to examine the extent to which a swarm is programmed both offensively and defensively—with a view to exploring the algorithm of an automated response from other drones within the swarm. Within this broader question, the article seeks to scrutinise two specific areas. First, to what extent is the drone swarm’s architecture calibrated to comply with the cardinal self-defence parameters of necessity and proportionality should the swarm be attacked? And secondly, is the ‘swarm’ capable of being fully jus in bellow compliant in terms of distinction and proportionality and the duty to take precautions (‘The General Principles’). Would, for example, the chain of command structure in a drone swarm encompass the concept of the ‘reasonable military commander’ when it comes to targeting? The purpose of this article is not to reopen, or indeed close the debate surrounding artificial intelligence and its ethical implications. Rather, it is
to seek to open further discussion surrounding the applicability of 20th century legal thresholds to 21st century phenomena and beyond.

/pdf/combat-drones-hives-swarms-and-autonomous-action-kiy9htgotu.pdf

Combat Drones: Hives, Swarms, and Autonomous Action?

The flexibilities introduced in the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement were aimed at providing the developing countries with the option to adopt suitable measures to address access to patent-protected pharmaceutical products. The flexibilities include the grant of compulsory licences, exceptions to the exclusive right conferred by patent, allowing for parallel imports, and defining the criteria of patentability to achieve the goal of public health. While these flexibilities are available to all developing countries, only a few have implemented the flexibilities into their patent legislation. This paper examines the TRIPS compliant patent laws introduced in Brazil in the post-TRIPS era. It will be argued that the TRIPS Agreement was implemented too soon in Brazil, and the TRIPS flexibilities, although available had not been fully utilised due to pressure from transnational pharmaceutical corporations backed by developed countries, fear of exclusion from major trading bl...

/pdf/brazil-s-implementation-of-trips-flexibilities-ambitious-fidjsyvqo2.pdf

Brazil's implementation of TRIPS flexibilities: ambitious missions, early implementation, and the plans for reform

The overarching theme of this article is not to revisit existing debates surrounding the application of jus ad bellum or jus in bello parameters to the “peculiarities” of outer space. Rather, this article examines the major
treaties that regulate a States’ military activities in outer space (including, for example, the Outer Space Treaty, Limited Test Ban Treaty, Liability Convention and, PPWT), alongside Charter norms, such as Article 2(4)of the UN Charter, to pinpoint the threshold of breach, violation and incremental militarization of outer space. With respect to the PPWT, it is important to note at this juncture that it remains a “proposal”, and at best, lex ferenda. A natural consequence from this analysis will be to underscore the extent to which “toleration” of such violations by States, and the international community as a whole, has resulted in the incremental militarization of space.

/pdf/the-incremental-militarization-of-outer-space-a-threshold-2xjhom0a42.pdf

The Incremental Militarization of Outer Space: A Threshold Analysis

India's trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) compliant Patent (Amendment) Act 2005 saw the transformation of its laws from a process patent regime to a product patent regime. The amendments have had a direct impact on India's generic drugs manufacturing sector, which was developed through the process patent regime introduced under the 1970 Act. The knock-on effect will soon be felt both domestically and globally, as a number of developing countries have come to rely strongly on Indian generics. This article seeks to study the effectiveness of the Act of 2005, and if it can be seen as an instance of success of the TRIPS provisions in Articles 7 and 8 read along with the Doha Declaration. It will be queried if developing countries in the World Trade Organization can possibly benefit from the model set-up by India for the issuance of compulsory licenses, and to check the practice of ‘evergreening’ by pharmaceutical patent holders. Recent decisions from the Indian judiciary and the qu...

/pdf/india-s-trade-related-aspects-of-intellectual-property-1ahk8jz5g8.pdf

India's trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights compliant pharmaceutical patent laws: what lessons for India and other developing countries?

Jae Sundaram

Papers

Cyber warfare and the laws of war

Combat Drones: Hives, Swarms, and Autonomous Action?

Brazil's implementation of TRIPS flexibilities: ambitious missions, early implementation, and the plans for reform

The Incremental Militarization of Outer Space: A Threshold Analysis

India's trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights compliant pharmaceutical patent laws: what lessons for India and other developing countries?