Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in agriculture to provide farmers with a large amount of information. Precision agriculture (PA) is a management strategy that employs information technology to improve quality and production. Utilizing wireless sensor technologies and management tools can lead to a highly effective, green agriculture. Based on PA management, the same routine to a crop regardless of site environments can be avoided. From several perspectives, field management can improve PA, including the provision of adequate nutrients for crops and the wastage of pesticides for the effective control of weeds, pests, and diseases. This review outlines the recent applications of WSNs in agriculture research as well as classifies and compares various wireless communication protocols, the taxonomy of energy-efficient and energy harvesting techniques for WSNs that can be used in agricultural monitoring systems, and comparison between early research works on agriculture-based WSNs. The challenges and limitations of WSNs in the agricultural domain are explored, and several power reduction and agricultural management techniques for long-term monitoring are highlighted. These approaches may also increase the number of opportunities for processing Internet of Things (IoT) data.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/8/1781/pdf

Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review.

Internet of Things (IoT) gives a new dimension in the area of smart farming and agriculture domain. With the use of fog computing and WiFi-based long distance network in IoT, it is possible to connect the agriculture and farming bases situated in rural areas efficiently. To focus on the specific requirements, we propose a scalable network architecture for monitoring and controlling agriculture and farms in rural areas. Compared to the existing IoT-based agriculture and farming solutions, the proposed solution reduces network latency up to a certain extent. In this, a cross-layer-based channel access and routing solution for sensing and actuating is proposed. We analyze the network structure based on coverage range, throughput, and latency.

Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Precision Agriculture and Farming in Rural Areas

The recent changes in climate have increased the importance of environmental monitoring, making it a topical and highly active research area. This field is based on remote sensing and on wireless sensor networks for gathering data about the environment. Recent advancements, such as the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), the cloud computing model, and cyber-physical systems, provide support for the transmission and management of huge amounts of data regarding the trends observed in environmental parameters. In this context, the current work presents three different IoT-based wireless sensors for environmental and ambient monitoring: one employing User Datagram Protocol (UDP)-based Wi-Fi communication, one communicating through Wi-Fi and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and a third one using Bluetooth Smart. All of the presented systems provide the possibility of recording data at remote locations and of visualizing them from every device with an Internet connection, enabling the monitoring of geographically large areas. The development details of these systems are described, along with the major differences and similarities between them. The feasibility of the three developed systems for implementing monitoring applications, taking into account their energy autonomy, ease of use, solution complexity, and Internet connectivity facility, was analyzed, and revealed that they make good candidates for IoT-based solutions.

Analysis of Three IoT-Based Wireless Sensors for Environmental Monitoring

Internet Of Things (IoT)is a shared network of objects or things which can interact with each other provided the internet connection. IoT plays an important role in agriculture industry which can feed 9.6 billion people on the Earth by 2050. Smart Agriculture helps to reduce wastage, effective usage of fertilizer and thereby increase the crop yield. In this work, a system is developed to monitor crop-field using sensors (soil moisture, temperature, humidity, Light) and automate the irrigation system. The data from sensors are sent to web server database using wireless transmission. In server database the data are encoded in JSON format. The irrigation is automated if the moisture and temperature of the field falls below the brink. In greenhouses light intensity control can also be automated in addition to irrigation. The notifications are sent to farmers' mobile periodically. The farmers' can able to monitor the field conditions from anywhere. This system will be more useful in areas where water is in scarce. This system is 92% more efficient than the conventional approach.

IOT based crop-field monitoring and irrigation automation

Agriculture plays vital role in the development of agricultural country like India. Issues concerning agriculture have been always hindering the development of the country. The only solution to this problem is smart agriculture by modernizing the current traditional methods of agriculture. Hence the proposed method aims at making agriculture smart using automation and IoT technologies. Internet of Things (IoT) enables various applications crop growth monitoring and selection, irrigation decision support, etc. A Raspberry Pi based automatic irrigation IOT system is proposed to modernization and improves productivity of the crop. main aim of this work to crop development at low quantity water consumption, In order to focus on water available to the plants at the required time, for that purpose most of the farmers waste lot time in the fields. An efficient management of water should be developed and the system circuit complexity to be reduced. The proposed system developed on the information sent from the sensors and estimate the quantity of water needed. A two sensors are used to get the data to the base station the humidity and the temperature of the soil, the humidity, the temperature, and the duration of sunshine per day. The proposed systems based on these values and calculate the water quantity for irrigation is required. The major advantage the system is implementing of Precision Agriculture (PA) with cloud computing, that will optimize the usage of water fertilizers while maximizing the yield of the crops and also will help in analyzing the weather conditions of the field.

IoT based smart crop-field monitoring and automation irrigation system

Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module

Phenotyping diverse wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress reveal canopy temperature as critical determinant of grain yield

The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of no. of mobile nodes which communicate through wireless channel without any existing network infrastructure. Because the resource constrained nature of WSN a data packet routing requires multiple hops to exchange data across the network. In order to facilitate communication within the network, a secure energy efficient routing protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. The proposed energy efficient elliptical curve based spherical grid routing protocol for WSN provides correct and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes so that data packets can be delivered in time to the destination. Secure route construction can be done with optimized WSN performance matrices such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, minimum energy consumptions, communication overheads & end to end delay. This proposed algorithm evaluates Spherical grid routing protocols for wireless sensor networks protocol while varying no. of nodes and pause time and results are compared with few existing routing protocols using network simulator.

/pdf/energy-efficient-elliptical-curve-based-spherical-grid-4pc8cgywrm.pdf

Energy Efficient Elliptical Curve based Spherical Grid Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

3d Printing is also called additive manufacturing is simply a process of adding layers upon one another, in a desired manner to print three dimensional solid figures from CAD designs. 3d printing would be manufacturing without any boundaries. Prototyping which would take up to weeks in the old days can be done in a matter of hours using 3d printing. The innovators today are only limited by their imagination. anything they can think of can be printed irrespective of the complexity of the shape.3d printing offers freedom to create.

/pdf/a-review-on-3d-printer-a-new-technology-58a02o2ljy.pdf

A Review on 3D Printer- A New Technology

Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has achieved tremendous growth in recent years causing it to become one of the top developing areas of the low data capacity communications system. The significant issue in WSN is the constraint on energy and processing resources ability in mote which reduces down potential functionality of sensor node. Also continuous use of a single shortest route between source and sink results in a shorter life span of a sensor node which in turn degrades the network performance. The important consideration for the wide scale WSN is the progress on power utilization efficiency. Therefore clustering is important energy efficient routing techniques for WSN. The proposed Spherical Routing protocol (SpRP) are designed and its performance metrics are evaluated as i.e. number of packet transmitted, number of packet received, percentage in packet delivery, throughput and average residual energy and compared with the performance metrics calculations of Modified LEACH (MLEACH) clustering Protocol. The conclusion from the analysis of results is that SpRP protocol achieves better optimized performance contrast to popular M-LEACH protocol. The projected work outcomes from the performance metrics can adds extra life time in a WSN to provide superior Quality of Service (QoS).

/pdf/a-novel-energy-efficient-spherical-routing-model-for-dynamic-4mxp84p5zj.pdf

Jai Prakash Prasad

Papers

Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module

Phenotyping diverse wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress reveal canopy temperature as critical determinant of grain yield

Energy Efficient Elliptical Curve based Spherical Grid Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

A Review on 3D Printer- A New Technology

A Novel Energy Efficient Spherical Routing Model for Dynamic Route Discovery in Wireless Sensor Networks