The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

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Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

https://research.ece.ncsu.edu/netwis/papers/13wl-comnet.pdf

Survey Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges

Data injection attacks to manipulate system state estimators on power grids are considered. A unified formulation for the problem of constructing attacking vectors is developed for linearized measurement models. Based on this formulation, a new low-complexity attacking strategy is shown to significantly outperform naive l1 relaxation. It is demonstrated that it is possible to defend against malicious data injection if a small subset of measurements can be made immune to the attacks. However, selecting such subsets is a high-complexity combinatorial problem given the typically large size of electrical grids. To address the complexity issue, a fast greedy algorithm to select a subset of measurements to be protected is proposed. Another greedy algorithm that facilitates the placement of secure phasor measurement units (PMUs) to defend against data injection attacks is also developed. Simulations on the IEEE test systems demonstrate the benefits of the proposed algorithms.

Strategic Protection Against Data Injection Attacks on Power Grids

Deregulation of energy markets, penetration of renewables, advanced metering capabilities, and the urge for situational awareness, all call for system-wide power system state estimation (PSSE). Implementing a centralized estimator though is practically infeasible due to the complexity scale of an interconnection, the communication bottleneck in real-time monitoring, regional disclosure policies, and reliability issues. In this context, distributed PSSE methods are treated here under a unified and systematic framework. A novel algorithm is developed based on the alternating direction method of multipliers. It leverages existing PSSE solvers, respects privacy policies, exhibits low communication load, and its convergence to the centralized estimates is guaranteed even in the absence of local observability. Beyond the conventional least-squares based PSSE, the decentralized framework accommodates a robust state estimator. By exploiting interesting links to the compressive sampling advances, the latter jointly estimates the state and identifies corrupted measurements. The novel algorithms are numerically evaluated using the IEEE 14-, 118-bus, and a 4200-bus benchmarks. Simulations demonstrate that the attainable accuracy can be reached within a few inter-area exchanges, while largest residual tests are outperformed.

http://www.dtc.umn.edu/s/resources/spincom8181.pdf

Distributed Robust Power System State Estimation

Synchronized phasor measurements have become a mature technology with several international manufacturers offering commercial phasor measurement units (PMUs) which meet the prevailing industry standard for synchrophasors. With the occurrence of major blackouts in many power systems around the world, the value of data provided by PMUs has been recognized, and installation of PMUs on power transmission networks of most major power systems has become an important current activity. This paper provides a brief introduction to the PMU and wide-area measurement system (WAMS) technology and discusses the uses of these measurements for improved monitoring, protection, and control of power networks.

Synchronized Phasor Measurement Applications in Power Systems

This paper presents a smart thermostat based on ISO7730 standard's thermal comfort model-PMV-PPD model for improving energy efficiency and saving energy. In the smart thermostat, the desirable comfort level (PPD) set by consumers determines the ON/OFF state of the air-conditioner and the control signal is the predicted mean vote (PMV), which is calculated with indoor temperature, human factors and other climate index for precisely estimating people's comfort level. Besides, the potential of applying demand response is discussed theoretically by installing the purposed smart thermostats as a remote controller in order to shave the aggregate peak load of BVAC systems. Finally, a second-order Equivalent Thermal Parameter (ETP) model is applied to simulate 1000 residents in MATLAB/Simulink to test this method. The results have shown that by installing the smart thermostats, energy saving is up to 11.5%.

The Smart Thermostat of HVAC Systems Based on PMV-PPD Model for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

This paper presents the idea of a partitioned linear state estimator (PLSE) as an alternative to the classical linear state estimator (LSE). PLSE is found to be especially useful for performing state estimation in large systems comprising of multiple entities. The best example of this is different utilities functioning under an independent system operator (ISO). The proposed technique is immune to the number of tie-lines that exist between the utilities as well as the number of utilities that are present under the ISO. Its biggest advantage is that it reduces discrepancies occurring at the boundaries while requiring minimum exchange of information between the utilities. The IEEE-14 bus system is used as the test system for presenting the idea. The results indicate that PLSE is a robust method for performing state estimation in big systems.

Partitioned linear state estimation

Development of a pulsatile, tissue-based, versatile vascular surgery simulation laboratory for resident training.

A key input parameter to governor feedback control and stability protection of generators is the angle of the induced voltage internal to the generator. Current practice is to estimate this value using measurements from the terminals of the generator and mathematical models. This project aims to develop a system that would directly measure the internal angle of the generator using a rotary encoder on the shaft of the machine. This document describes the theory and experimental setup of this proposed system and outlines the test procedure of experimentation.

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Jaime De La Ree

Papers

Synchronized Phasor Measurement Applications in Power Systems

The Smart Thermostat of HVAC Systems Based on PMV-PPD Model for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

Partitioned linear state estimation

Development of a pulsatile, tissue-based, versatile vascular surgery simulation laboratory for resident training.

Synchronized rotor angle measurement of synchronous machines