WTOAppellate Body report on compatibility of theEUprohibition on import
and sale of seal products with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

European Communities--Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products

The new international economic order: links between economics and communications

What Is Economic Development

Legislative control over the executive in Latin American presidential systems : executive-legislative institutional relationship during the stabilization and structural adjustment measures commonly known as Washington Consensus

The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of the Uruguay Round Agreements for domestic economic policy in developing countries, particularly those in the Asia Pacific region. 

	Apart from trade liberalization these Agreements have also extended multilateral rules and disciplines to a number of policy areas affecting industrial development and competitiveness with regard to both goods and services. Such policies generally defined as industrial policies have been extensively used notably by fast growing countries in the Asia Pacific region to foster exports and to achieve rapid structural change and economic growth. 

	This paper has analyzed the Uruguay Round Agreements in order to answer the following three questions:

a) How will the Agreements affect the industrial and export promotion policies currently being pursued by the Asian-Pacific countries?

b) To the extent that some of these policies may need to be abandoned to comply with the Agreements, how would that affect economic development of these countries?

c) In so far as the net effects of the Agreements on the developing countries is negative, what can these countries do to eliminate, or to reduce, such unfavourable outcomes?

The post-Uruguay round world trading system, industrialisation, trade and development: implications for Asia-Pacific developing countries

2 – International Monetary and Financial Issues

Alternative Views of the New International Economic Order: A Survey and Analysis of Major Academic Research Reports

Latin America and the New International Economic Order

This chapter focuses on the obstacles to the transfer of technology. The process of technological innovation requires organization and financial resources to make inventions commercially feasible. Technological innovation has been the main force underlying development and competition in modern industrial economies, and for corporations it has been the principal means of survival and control in the market. The continuing specialization and technological differentiation required by industrialized economies gives such priority to this managerial function that considerable investments are allocated to research, development, and engineering. Over 90% of the world expenditures in these fields are concentrated in developed countries. In sharp contrast, implementation and growth of a scientific technological system in developing countries has been characterized by considerable backwardness and dependency. This is basically because of the developmental pattern of these countries. The creation and application of production know-how has been determined by the dynamics of the productive system and by the structure of their internal and international relations.

Obstacles to the Transfer of Technology

International trade is a powerful engine of growth. All countries have a common interest in promoting trade as an instrument of economic progress. International trade is characterized by unequal exchange of goods and services. The share of developing countries in total international trade is small; their export products face an increasing variety of protectionist measures in developed market economies; the value of their imports is being eroded by worldwide inflation; and the possibilities of improving intraregional trade among developing countries themselves are rather remote. Developing countries are being increasingly bypassed by multilateral trade and tariff negotiations. The traditional international division of labor still applies; it leaves the developing countries the function of producing and exporting primary products and reserves for the developed nations that of industrializing those same products for international consumption and export. This chapter discusses obstacles to International trade. It presents some obstacles to commodity trade, obstacles to trade in manufactures, obstacles to trade among developing countries, and obstacles to trade between socialist countries and the third world.

Jaime Estevez

Papers

2 – International Monetary and Financial Issues

Alternative Views of the New International Economic Order: A Survey and Analysis of Major Academic Research Reports

Latin America and the New International Economic Order

Obstacles to the Transfer of Technology

Obstacles to International Trade