Preface. About the Authors. Acknowledgments. 1 Power Amplifier Fundamentals. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Definition of Power Amplifier Parameters. 1.3 Distortion Parameters. 1.4 Power Match Condition. 1.5 Class of Operation. 1.6 Overview of Semiconductors for PAs. 1.7 Devices for PA. 1.8 Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships. 1.9 References. 2 Power Amplifier Design. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Design Flow. 2.3 Simplified Approaches. 2.4 The Tuned Load Amplifier. 2.5 Sample Design of a Tuned Load PA. 2.6 References. 3 Nonlinear Analysis for Power Amplifiers. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Linear vs. Nonlinear Circuits. 3.3 Time Domain Integration. 3.4 Example. 3.5 Solution by Series Expansion. 3.6 The Volterra Series. 3.7 The Fourier Series. 3.8 The Harmonic Balance. 3.9 Envelope Analysis. 3.10 Spectral Balance. 3.11 Large Signal Stability Issue. 3.12 References. 4 Load Pull. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Passive Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems. 4.3 Active Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems. 4.4 Measurement Test-sets. 4.5 Advanced Load Pull Measurements. 4.6 Source/Load Pull Characterization. 4.7 Determination of Optimum Load Condition. 4.8 Appendix: Construction of Simplified Load Pull Contours through Linear Simulations. 4.9 References. 5 High Efficiency PA Design Theory. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Power Balance in a PA. 5.3 Ideal Approaches. 5.4 High Frequency Harmonic Tuning Approaches. 5.5 High Frequency Third Harmonic Tuned (Class F). 5.6 High Frequency Second Harmonic Tuned. 5.7 High Frequency Second and Third Harmonic Tuned. 5.8 Design by Harmonic Tuning. 5.9 Final Remarks. 5.10 References. 6 Switched Amplifiers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Ideal Class E Amplifier. 6.3 Class E Behavioural Analysis. 6.4 Low Frequency Class E Amplifier Design. 6.5 Class E Amplifier Design with 50# Duty-cycle. 6.6 Examples of High Frequency Class E Amplifiers. 6.7 Class E vs. Harmonic Tuned. 6.8 Class E Final Remarks. 6.9 Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships. 6.10 References. 7 High Frequency Class F Power Amplifiers. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Class F Description Based on Voltage Wave-shaping. 7.3 High Frequency Class F Amplifiers. 7.4 Bias Level Selection. 7.5 Class F Output Matching Network Design. 7.6 Class F Design Examples. 7.7 References. 8 High Frequency Harmonic Tuned Power Amplifiers. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Theory of Harmonic Tuned PA Design. 8.3 Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Theoretical Analysis. 8.4 Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Experimental Results. 8.5 Output Device Nonlinear Phenomena. 8.6 Design of a Second HT Power Amplifier. 8.7 Design of a Second and Third HT Power Amplifier. 8.8 Example of 2nd HT GaN PA. 8.9 Final Remarks. 8.10 References. 9 High Linearity in Efficient Power Amplifiers. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Systems Classification. 9.3 Linearity Issue. 9.4 Bias Point Influence on IMD. 9.5 Harmonic Loading Effects on IMD. 9.6 Appendix: Volterra Analysis Example. 9.7 References. 10 Power Combining. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Device Scaling Properties. 10.3 Power Budget. 10.4 Power Combiner Classification. 10.5 The T-junction Power Divider. 10.6 Wilkinson Combiner. 10.7 The Quadrature (90 ) Hybrid. 10.8 The 180 Hybrid (Ring Coupler or Rat-race). 10.9 Bus-bar Combiner. 10.10 Other Planar Combiners. 10.11 Corporate Combiners. 10.12 Resonating Planar Combiners. 10.13 Graceful Degradation. 10.14 Matching Properties of Combined PAs. 10.15 Unbalance Issue in Hybrid Combiners. 10.16 Appendix: Basic Properties of Three-port Networks. 10.17 References. 11 The Doherty Power Amplifier. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Doherty's Idea. 11.3 The Classical Doherty Configuration. 11.4 The 'AB-C' Doherty Amplifier Analysis. 11.5 Power Splitter Sizing. 11.6 Evaluation of the Gain in a Doherty Amplifier. 11.7 Design Example. 11.8 Advanced Solutions. 11.9 References. Index.

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High Efficiency RF and Microwave Solid State Power Amplifiers

From the Publisher:
The first book devoted solely to Fresnel zones in microwave/mm-wave electromagnetics, this comprehensive survey covers theory, design and practical applications.

Whether you are an experienced electromagnetics specialist or a newcomer to the field, whether you need practical design guidelines or a clear and concise exposition of the fundamentals, you'll find this book invaluable. Written by an acknowledged expert, the volume includes a detailed description of the application of Fresnel zones to microwave wireless communication links as well as a comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art in newly created zone plate lens and antenna technologies. It also contains an overview of the basic electromagnetic equations for time harmonic fields, and a thorough treatment of the Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction theory.

If you are a researcher, practising engineer or student in wireless/electromagnetics, this authoritative resource will help you to understand Fresnel zones, zone plate devices and their practical uses, in particular the analysis and design of microwave communication links, Fresnel zone antennas for DBS, Fresnel zone plate lenses for radio telescopes, and conformal curvilinear zone plate antennas. The work is generously illustrated.

Fresnal Zones in Wireless Links, Zone Plate Lenses and Antennas

Compact microwave and millimeter wave radars operating at 77 GHz and having resolution of no less than 3.2 meters at a distance of 100 meters. The exemplary dimensions of the radars are 145 millimeters in diameter and 100 or 85 millimeters long. The antenna of the radars employs folded optic design, with the actual focal length of the radar being less than that of the lens in the antenna alone.

Compact microwave and millimeter wave radar

This paper considers the analysis of an oscillator array with an arbitrary coupling network, described in terms of N-port circuit parameters. A Kurokawa analysis is used to transform the frequency domain network description into a set of equations for the oscillator amplitude and phase dynamics. The results reduce to previous work with "loosely" coupled Van der Pol oscillators, provided that the coupling network satisfies a broadband condition: the Q-factor of the coupling network must be much smaller than that of the oscillator. The theory is verified using a new coupling structure and a six-element patch oscillator array operating at 4 GHz, which produced a 70/spl deg/ scanning range using a phase-shifterless technique. >

Oscillator array dynamics with broadband N-port coupling networks

A focusing element called the phase-correcting Fresnel zone plate is described, and its characteristics are given when used in the millimeter-wave region for imaging or frequency filtering in place of a lens. Two versions are discussed, one where alternate concentric annular grooves are cut in a single piece of low-loss dielectric, and a second where two (or more) dielectrics are used in alternate concentric rings. For the latter case, an appropriate choice of parameters produces a design of constant thickness (i.e., a flat disk), named the "planar lens." Design formulas and curves, as well as measured results, are given for both types, and an analytical description is derived for the far-field patterns. Compared with lenses, zone plates are simpler to construct and have lower absorption loss, thickness, and weight.

Millimeter-Wave Characteristics of Phase-Correcting Fresnel Zone Plates

The performance characteristics of Fresnel zone plates are described with emphasis on applications at millimeter wavelengths. Recent results are included along with a summary from numerous earlier investigations. Parameters described include design information, efficiency, bandwidth, focal characteristics, off-axis performance, axial intensity dependence, aberrations, and far-field pattern. Both transmission and reflection configurations are discussed, mostly for cases where the focal length and diameter are comparable. This type of zone plate has advantages (compared to a lens or paraboloid) of reduced loss, weight, volume, and cost, as well as simple planar construction, with similar diffraction-limited beamwidth and major sidelobe performance, but lower efficiency.

Fresnel zone plate antennas at millimeter wavelengths

A description is given of the use of the Fresnel zone plate as a focusing or a frequency-filtering device at millimeter wavelengths. Sample design data are given, as well as references to prior results. A newer type of zone plate is discussed which employs two dielectrics of equal thickness to produce a flat zone plate.

The Fresnel Zone-Plate Lens

The Fresnel zone plate antenna

Planar arrays of HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors) have been fabricated and tested at 37 GHz. The square arrays, consisting of 9 or 16 devices, have been mounted in a Fabry-Perot interferometer, which provides frequency locking. Measured power output and frequency spectra are presented and compared with analytical predictions. Output power is in the milliwatt range, and the line width of a typical array is about 50 kHz. The investigation has centered on using a semiconfocal Fabry-Perot resonator, with the array of sources placed on the planar reflector of the resonator. The curved reflector is partially reflecting to couple power out of the quasi-optical cavity. Source selection, quasi-optical cavity design and characteristics, and calculation of the circuit parameters for the oscillator interconnection grid are discussed. >

Quasi-optical power combining of solid state sources in K/sub a/-band

The phase-correcting Fresnel zone plate provides lens-like focusing and imaging of electromagnetic waves by means of diffraction instead of refraction, often referred to as diffraction optics The zone plate has seen extensive investigation and use at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, and recently has been applied in the terahertz region These cases have dealt principally with large-angle designs, where the focal length (F) and diameter (D) are comparable (F/D = 03 to 25), unlike the typical optical examples The planar zone plate, in particular, offers the advantages of simplicity of design and construction, low loss, low weight, and low cost, while giving performance similar to that of a refractive lens As one goes to terahertz frequencies, ease of construction becomes more difficult The attenuation in conventional low-loss materials increases at higher frequencies, and dimensional tolerances become smaller, making fabrication more difficult Although earlier designs employing polystyrene have been built and tested at frequencies up to 280 GHz, higher frequency designs are simpler to fabricate and have lower loss if low dielectric constant materials are used This investigation addressed designs for terahertz frequencies The optimization of the zone plate has also been examined, and improvement has been found for radial compression, where the radii of the zone boundaries are slightly shortened

James C. Wiltse

Papers

Fresnel zone plate antennas at millimeter wavelengths

The Fresnel Zone-Plate Lens

The Fresnel zone plate antenna

Quasi-optical power combining of solid state sources in K/sub a/-band

Zone plate designs for terahertz frequencies (Invited Paper)