物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

This paper gives an overview of the development of the field of Knowledge Engineering over the last 15 years. We discuss the paradigm shift from a transfer view to a modeling view and describe two approaches which considerably shaped research in Knowledge Engineering: Role-limiting Methods and Generic Tasks. To illustrate various concepts and methods which evolved in recent years we describe three modeling frameworks: CommonKADS, MIKE and PROTEGE-II. This description is supplemented by discussing some important methodological developments in more detail: specification languages for knowledge-based systems, problem-solving methods and ontologies. We conclude by outlining the relationship of Knowledge Engineering to Software Engineering, Information Integration and Knowledge Management.

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Knowledge engineering: principles and methods

We propose a novel formalism, called Frame Logic (abbr., F-logic), that accounts in a clean and declarative fashion for most of the structural aspects of object-oriented and frame-based languages. These features include object identity, complex objects, inheritance, polymorphic types, query methods, encapsulation, and others. In a sense, F-logic stands in the same relationship to the object-oriented paradigm as classical predicate calculus stands to relational programming. F-logic has a model-theoretic semantics and a sound and complete resolution-based proof theory. A small number of fundamental concepts that come from object-oriented programming have direct representation in F-logic; other, secondary aspects of this paradigm are easily modeled as well. The paper also discusses semantic issues pertaining to programming with a deductive object-oriented language based on a subset of F-logic.

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Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame-based languages

We review the use on ontologies for the integration of heterogeneous information sources. Based on an in-depth evaluation of existing approaches to this problem we discuss how ontologies are used to support the integration task. We evaluate and compare the languages used to represent the ontologies and the use of mappings between ontologies as well as to connect ontologies with information sources. We also ask for ontology engineering methods and tools used to develop ontologies for information integration. Based on the results of our analysis we summarize the state of the art in ontology-based information integration and name areas of further research activities.

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Ontology-Based Integration of Information — A Survey of Existing Approaches

The potential to achieve dynamic, scalable and cost-effective marketplaces and eCommerce solutions has driven recent research efforts towards so-called Semantic Web Services that are enriching Web services with machine-processable semantics. To this end, the Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) provides the conceptual underpinning and a formal language for semantically describing all relevant aspects of Web services in order to facilitate the automatization of discovering, combining and invoking electronic services over the Web.

In this paper we describe the overall structure of WSMO by its four main elements: ontologies, which provide the terminology used by other WSMO elements, Web services, which provide access to services that, in turn, provide some value in some domain, goals that represent user desires, and mediators, which deal with interoperability problems between different WSMO elements. Along with introducing the main elements of WSMO, we provide a logical language for defining formal statements in WSMO together with some motivating examples from practical use cases which shall demonstrate the benefits of Semantic Web Services.

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Web Service Modeling Ontology

Objective To determine the incidence of nodal involvement and assess the role of elective lymph node (LN) exploration and/or dissection in staging of tumors and treatment of patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Design Retrospective medical chart review. Setting Academic tertiary care medical center. Patients One hundred patients diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer by fine-needle aspiration or intraoperative frozen section who underwent total thyroidectomy with central compartment cervical LN exploration. Main Outcome Measure Incidence of positive LNs in patients 45 years or older (group A) vs those younger than 45 years (group B). Results Sixteen (39%) of 41 patients in group A had positive LN status following LN exploration and/or dissection. Seventeen (29%) of 59 patients in group B were found to have positive LNs. According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, the tumors of 11 patients (28%) in group A would be restaged from stage I/II to stage III after establishment of the positive pathologic nodal status. Conclusions Lymph node metastasis was present in the central compartment in 39% of patients in group A. Presence of LN metastasis in older patients has been reported to increase the risk of recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, recurrence and reoperation in the central compartment is associated with a higher risk of vocal cord paralysis. In patients in group A diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma, routine central compartment LN exploration and/or dissection at the time of thyroidectomy is advocated, which allows more accurate staging of tumors and appropriate treatment. Elective excision of central compartment LNs in this older age group may improve locoregional control and possibly reduce morbidity in the long run.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/articlepdf/484181/ooa60024.pdf

The importance of central compartment elective lymph node excision in the staging and treatment of papillary thyroid cancer.

A Logic for Object-Oriented Logic Programming (Maier's O-Logic Revisited).

We present a logic for reasoning about complex objects, which is a revised and significantly extended version of Maier's O-logic [Mai86]. The logic naturally supports complex objects, object identity, deduction, is tolerant to inconsistent data, and has many other interesting features. It elegantly combines the object-oriented and value-oriented paradigms and, in particular, contains all of the predicate calculus as a special case. Our treatment of sets is also noteworthy: it is more general than ELPS [Kup87] and COL [AbG87], yet it avoids the semantic problems encountered in LDL [BNS87]. The proposed logic has a sound and complete resolution-based proof procedure.

A logic for object-oriented logic programming

Objectives Previous anatomic studies of the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) have described the variability in the course of the RLN. The anatomy of the nerve appears more constant along its distal segment near the cricothyroid joint, which is our surgical approach to the initial identification of the nerve. Understanding the topographical anatomy of the nerve in this region facilitates quick and safe nerve identification. The surgical topographical anatomy of the nerve in this region has not been studied in detail, which is the focus of this study. Methods A total of 278 RLNs in 190 patients were dissected during thyroidectomy and/or parathyroidectomy. The course of the nerve was recorded, paying particular attention to the directional course along its distal portion. The angle in which it coursed in relationship to a line paralleling the tracheoesophageal groove was determined. Results All 278 nerves were identified. Seventy-eight percent of the right-sided nerves coursed between 15 and 45 degrees, and 77% of the left-sided nerves coursed between 0 and 30 degrees. It appears that the nerve is more likely to travel at a more obtuse angle with right-sided RLNs and in patients with a low-lying cricoid. There was no permanent postoperative RLN palsy, and the incidence of temporary palsy was 1%. Conclusions Approaching the nerve along its distal portion is safe and effective. The surgical topographical anatomy in this region is described in detail. Some of the potential advantages of identifying the nerve more distally include less chance of disrupting the blood supply to the inferior parathyroid gland, dissection along a shorter portion of the nerve, and less variability of the nerve.

James C. Wu

Papers

Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame-based languages

The importance of central compartment elective lymph node excision in the staging and treatment of papillary thyroid cancer.

A Logic for Object-Oriented Logic Programming (Maier's O-Logic Revisited).

A logic for object-oriented logic programming

Surgical Anatomy of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Revisited