X-ray and neutron reflectivity for the investigation of polymers

https://www.cell.com/biophysj/pdf/S0006-3495(00)76392-2.pdf

Tethered Polymer-Supported Planar Lipid Bilayers for Reconstitution of Integral Membrane Proteins: Silane-Polyethyleneglycol-Lipid as a Cushion and Covalent Linker

The measurement of the crystallinity of polymers by DSC

The study of electrochemical behavior of bioactive molecules has become one of the most rapidly developing scientific fields. Biotechnology and biomedical engineering fields have a vested interest in constructing more precise and accurate voltammetric/amperometric biosensors. One rapidly growing area of biosensor design involves incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials in working electrodes, such as one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional graphene, and graphene oxide. In this review article, we give a brief overview describing the voltammetric techniques and how these techniques are applied in biosensing, as well as the details surrounding important biosensing concepts of sensitivity and limits of detection. Building on these important concepts, we show how the sensitivity and limit of detection can be tuned by including carbon-based nanomaterials in the fabrication of biosensors. The sensing of biomolecules including glucose, dopamine, proteins, enzymes, uric acid, DNA, RNA, and H2O2 traditionally employs enzymes in detection; however, these enzymes denature easily, and as such, enzymeless methods are highly desired. Here we draw an important distinction between enzymeless and enzyme-containing carbon-nanomaterial-based biosensors. The review ends with an outlook of future concepts that can be employed in biosensor fabrication, as well as limitations of already proposed materials and how such sensing can be enhanced. As such, this review can act as a roadmap to guide researchers toward concepts that can be employed in the design of next generation biosensors, while also highlighting the current advancements in the field.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.5b05690

Engineered Carbon-Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomolecules

The principal focus of this review will be to document and discuss the recent developments in the synthesis, properties and applications of polyorganosiloxane containing block, segmented and graft copolymers and network structures. Special emphasis will be given to the synthesis and characterization of reactive, organofunctionally-terminated siloxane oligomers, which are the key starting materials or intermediates in the preparation of these well-defined copolymers. Use of these functionally terminated oligomers in the modification of network structures will be discussed. Detailed descriptions of the copolymer formation reactions and the effect of reaction variables, such as temperature and solvent, on the properties of the resultant materials will be given. Discussions of the bulk and surface morphology of siloxane containing copolymers and their blends with other polymeric systems will be provided. Potential applications of these novel materials and possible future directions in the chemistry and technology of polyorganosiloxane containing polymeric systems will also be discussed.

Polysiloxane containing copolymers: A survey of recent developments

Surface Studies on Multicomponent Polymer Systems by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Polystyrene/Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers

Surface studies on multicomponent polymer systems by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: polystyrene/poly(ethylene oxide) homopolymer blends

The thermal stability of glucose oxidase in solution was studied as a function of time and temperature between 37–60°C. As expected, the rate of thermal inactivation increased with temperature and at 60°C more than 80% of the enzyme's activity was lost after 0.5 hr incubation. Similar stability measurements on enzyme solutions containing water soluble synthetic polymers showed that several of the polymers significantly enhanced the thermal stability of glucose oxidase. Copolymers of vinyl acetate with either vinyl pyrrolidone or vinyl alcohol were found to be particularly effective. The molecular weight of the added polymers was found to be unimportant in the stabilization process but both polymer concentration and compositions were shown to be critical parameters.

Thermal stability of glucose oxidase and its admixtures with synthetic polymers.

This invention is directed toward a method for obtaining a resinous toner image fixed to a copy substrate. The method involves applying to a copy substrate in image configuration a toner of specific polymeric composition and fixing the image to the copy substrate by the application of heat sufficient to fuse the toner. The toner composition comprises a finely divided mixture comprising a coloring material and a polymeric material which is block or graft copolymer consisting of at least one crystalline or crystallizable polymeric segment chemically linked to at least one amorphous polymeric segment, said crystalline or crystallizable segment individually having a glass transition temperature of less than about 20°C and a melting point of at least about 45°C, and said amorphous segment individually having a glass transition temperature less than the melting point of said crystalline or crystallizable segment. Toner materials according to the present invention exhibit thermal and mechanical properties which render them extremely useful in xerographic processes, particularly high speed process involving contact or flash fusing.

James J. O'Malley

Papers

Surface Studies on Multicomponent Polymer Systems by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Polystyrene/Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers

Surface studies on multicomponent polymer systems by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: polystyrene/poly(ethylene oxide) homopolymer blends

Thermal stability of glucose oxidase and its admixtures with synthetic polymers.

Developing with toner polymer having crystalline and amorphous segments

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(hexamethylene sebacate)-Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Block Copolymers