计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

This paper examines connections between childhood involvement with the natural environment and adult environmentalism from a life course perspective. Approximately 2,000 adults age 18-90 living in urban areas throughout the United States were interviewed with respect to their childhood nature experiences and their current, adult attitudes and behaviors relating to the environment. Model testing and cross-validation procedures using structural equation modeling suggest that childhood participation with nature may set an individual on a trajectory toward adult environmentalism. Specifically, childhood participation in “wild” nature such as hiking or playing in the woods, camping, and hunting or fishing, as well as participation with “domesticated” nature such as picking flowers or produce, planting trees or seeds, and caring for plants in childhood have a positive relationship to adult environmental attitudes. “Wild nature” participation is also positively associated with environmental behaviors while “domesticated nature” experiences are marginally related to environmental behaviors.

/pdf/nature-and-the-life-course-pathways-from-childhood-nature-1fxbm62cet.pdf

Nature and the Life Course: Pathways from Childhood Nature Experiences to Adult Environmentalism 1

Abstract:This paper examines connections between childhood involvement with the natural environment and adult environmentalism from a life course perspective. Approximately 2,000 adults age 18–90 living in urban areas throughout the United States were interviewed with respect to their childhood nature experiences and their current, adult attitudes and behaviors relating to the environment. Model testing and cross-validation procedures using structural equation modeling suggest that childhood participation with nature may set an individual on a trajectory toward adult environmentalism. Specifically, childhood participation in “wild” nature such as hiking or playing in the woods, camping, and hunting or fishing, as well as participation with “domesticated” nature such as picking flowers or produce, planting trees or seeds, and caring for plants in childhood have a positive relationship to adult environmental attitudes. “Wild nature” participation is also positively associated with environmental behaviors while “domesticated nature” experiences are marginally related to environmental behaviors.

Nature and the Life Course: Pathways from Childhood Nature Experiences to Adult Environmentalism

The Effects of Environmental Concern on Environmentally Friendly Consumer Behavior: An Exploratory Study

High school students' environmental knowledge and attitudes were assessed from a questionnaire administered before and after exposure to a 10-day environmental science course. Results indicated significant differences in both knowledge gain and attitudes of students after exposure. Students' environmental knowledge scores increased by 22% after they completed the environmental science course. In addition, students' environmental attitudes became more environmentally favorable. A statistically significant correlation was found between pretest knowledge scores and pretest attitude scores and between posttest knowledge scores and posttest attitude scores. In both cases, students having higher knowledge scores had more favorable environmental attitudes compared with students with lower knowledge scores.

Relationship Between Environmental Knowledge and Environmental Attitude of High School Students

The authors evaluated the impact of the environmental education program NatureScope in regular classrooms where it was used as a curriculum supplement. Teachers used the materials in the classroom for 8 weeks. A pretest/posttest design produced few significant differences between groups exposed to the materials and the control groups.

The Impact of an Environmental Education Program on Knowledge and Attitude

The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) is being used increasingly in natural resources research related to human attitudes and behavior. We tested whether the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen 1985, 1991; Ajzen & Madden, 1986), an extension of the theory of reasoned action, was a better model for predicting behavioral intention related to behavior that is not entirely volitional, e.g. hunting. We also evaluated the overall sufficiency of the model in predicting hunting intention. Attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control items were administered via telephone to a proportional probability sample (n = 531) of Alabama adults. The model explained a statistically significant increase in variance in hunting intention over the theory of reasoned action; however, we questioned the practical significance of the difference. Although the model explained 38% of the variance in hunting intention, further analysis indicated the model in its basic form was not sufficient for pre...

Theory of reasoned action vs. theory of planned behavior: Testing the suitability and sufficiency of a popular behavior model using hunting intentions

/pdf/managing-wild-pigs-a-technical-guide-x2d07tkpbu.pdf

Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide

The dissociation constants of many phenolic amines, including benzylamines, phenethylamines, phenylethanolamines, phenylpropylamines, catecholamines, and apomorphine have been measured by potentiometric titration at 25 degrees C. Measurements have also been made with many of their methoxy derivatives and with series of phenolic quaternary ammonium salts. Some compounds were also studied at 37 degrees C. 2 Usually at least five titrations were made with each compound and Debye--Huckel theory was applied to convert concentrations to activities but the estimates of pKa were not constant and found to increase with increasing concentration. The range studied was usually 5-15 mM and a least-squares line-fit, based on the empirical assumption that pKa varies with (concentration)1/2, has been used to calculate values for 10 mM solutions and to extrapolate to infinite dilution and to 100 mM. The dependence of pKa on concentration was much less at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. 3 At 37 degrees C the pKa values of many biologically interesting compounds in the group, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline, coryneine (the trimethylammonium derivative of dopamine) and apomorphine are within 1 log unit of physiological pH, indicating the presence of a significant proportion of either the zwitterion or of the uncharged phenolic amine. 4 Zwitterion constants have been estimated from the pKa values of the phenolic amines and those of their methoxy and quaternary trimethylammonium analogues. Zwitterion formation does not appear to be associated with activity at alpha-adrenoceptors and probably not with activity at beta-receptors. The active species seems likely to contain the unionised phenolic group but at dopamine receptors this may be in the uncharged phenolic amine rather than in the phenolic ammonium salt.

https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1976.tb10377.x

The ionization of phenolic amines, including apomorphine, dopamine and catecholamines and an assessment of zwitterion constants

The ability to accurately assign adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to specif- ic year age-classes is important in making management decisions and interpreting man- agement and research results. We attempted to validate or modify the widely used and accepted technique of tooth replacement and wear for aging adult white-tailed deer (Sev- eringhaus 1949) on a study area in south-central Oklahoma. A sample of 106 jawbones or dental casts from known-age deer was accumulated for study. Tooth replacement and wear characteristics allowed us to confidently place deer into 3 basic age-classes only (i.e., fawn, yearling, and adult). Attempts to assign adult deer to specific year-classes with this traditional technique were very inaccurate. Thirty-four white-tailed deer biologists from various southeastern states who attempted to correctly age our collection of known-age jawbones and dental casts using the Severinghaus (1 949) method or modifications there- of also failed 60% of the time for deer >2 years old. Measuring and comparing heights of buccal and lingual crests of molars from jawbones of known-age deer did not distinguish between years. Our findings do not support the efficacy of using tooth wear to accurate- ly age deer beyond the general categories of fawn, yearling, and adult.

James Lee Armstrong

Papers

The Impact of an Environmental Education Program on Knowledge and Attitude

Theory of reasoned action vs. theory of planned behavior: Testing the suitability and sufficiency of a popular behavior model using hunting intentions

Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide

The ionization of phenolic amines, including apomorphine, dopamine and catecholamines and an assessment of zwitterion constants

Aging white-tailed deer by tooth replacement and wear: a critical evaluation of a time-honored technique