Two Monte Carlo studies were conducted to examine the sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance at 3 commonly tested levels: factor loadings, intercepts, and residual variances. Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) appears to be more sensitive to lack of invariance in factor loadings than in intercepts or residual variances. Comparative fit index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) appear to be equally sensitive to all 3 types of lack of invariance. The most intriguing finding is that changes in fit statistics are affected by the interaction between the pattern of invariance and the proportion of invariant items: when the pattern of lack of invariance is uniform, the relation is nonmonotonic, whereas when the pattern of lack of invariance is mixed, the relation is monotonic. Unequal sample sizes affect changes across all 3 levels of invariance: Changes are bigger when sample sizes are equal rather than when they are unequal. Cutoff points for t...

Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures--which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.

/pdf/implicit-social-cognition-attitudes-self-esteem-and-2j32pp6h9o.pdf

Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes.

Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style.

/pdf/rethinking-individualism-and-collectivism-evaluation-of-47xorn4mh7.pdf

Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.

At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states--called core affect--influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.

/pdf/core-affect-and-the-psychological-construction-of-emotion-4bds0c0fm7.pdf

Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion

Introduction: Becoming Aware of the New Unconscious JAMES S. ULEMAN PART I FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS 1. Who is the Controller of Controlled Processes? 2. Bypassing the Will: Towards Demystifying the Nonconscious Control of Social Behavior PART II BASIC MECHANISMS 3. The Interaction of Emotion and Cognition: The Relation Between the Human Amygdala and Cognitive Awareness 4. The Power of the Subliminal: On Subliminal Persuasion and Other Potential Applications 5. Nonintentional Similarity Processing 6. The Mechanics of Imagination: Automaticity and Control in Counterfactual Thinking 7. Compensatory Automacity: Unconscious Volition Is Not an Oxymoron 8. Nonconscious Control and Implicit Working Memory PART III INTENTION AND THEORY OF MIND 9. Folk Theory of Mind: Conceptual Foundations of Human Social Cognition 10. The Development of the Intention Concept: From the Observable World to the Unobservable Mind 11. Theory of Mind: Conscious Attribution and Spontaneous Trait Inference PART IV PERCEIVING AND ENGAGING OTHERS 12. The Glimpsed World: Unintended Communication and Unintended Perception 13. Beyond the Perception-Behavior Link: The Ubiquitous Utility and Motivational Moderators of Nonconscious Mimicry 14. Implicit Impressions 15. Attitudes as Accessibility Bias: Dissociating Automatic and Controlled Processes 16. The Unconscious Relational Self PART V SELF-REGULATION 17. The Control of the Unwanted 18. Motivational Sources of Unintended Thought: Irrational Intrusions or Side Effects of Rational Strategies? 19. Going Beyond the Motivation Given: Self-Control and Situational Control Over Behavior

The new unconscious.

Do people make trait inferences, even without intentions or instructions, at the encoding stage of processing behavioral information? Tulving's encoding specificity paradigm (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) was adapted for two recall experiments Under memory instructions only, subjects read sentences describing people performing actions that implied traits Later, subjects recalled each sentence under one of three cuing conditions: (a) a dispositional cue (eg, generous), (b) a strong, nondispositional semantic associate to an important sentence word; or (c) no cue Recall was best when cued by the disposition words Subjects were unaware of having made trait inferences Interpreted in terms of encoding specificity, these results indicate that subjects unintentionally made trait inferences at encoding This suggests that attributions may be made spontaneously, as part of the routine comprehension of social events

http://jimuleman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/WinterUleman1984.pdf

When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences

People make social inferences without intentions, awareness, or effort, i.e., spontaneously. We review recent findings on spontaneous social inferences (especially traits, goals, and causes) and closely related phenomena. We then describe current thinking on some of the most relevant processes, implicit knowledge, and theories. These include automatic and controlled processes and their interplay; embodied cognition, including mimicry; and associative versus rule-based processes. Implicit knowledge includes adult folk theories, conditions of personhood, self-knowledge to simulate others, and cultural and social class differences. Implicit theories concern Bayesian networks, recent attribution research, and questions about the utility of the disposition-situation dichotomy. Developmental research provides new insights. Spontaneous social inferences include a growing array of phenomena, but they have been insufficiently linked to other phenomena and theories. We hope the links suggested in this review begin to remedy this.

http://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~schaller/Psyc590Readings/Uleman2008.pdf

Spontaneous Inferences, Implicit Impressions, and Implicit Theories

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the ways in which readily inferences about others occur when inferences are not the focal task. The evidence and issues from spontaneous trait inference (STI) are also discussed in the chapter. STI occurs when attending to another person's behavior produces a trait inference in the absence of explicit intention to infer traits or form an impression of that person. Seven different paradigms have been employed to detect and investigate spontaneous trait inference: (1) cued recall under memory instructions; (2) cued recall of distractors; (3) recognition probe; (4) lexical decision; (5) delayed recognition; (6) word stem completion; and (7) relearning. Informational conditions review the ways in which the trait-relevant information presented in STI studies is systematically varied and its effects. The treatment of cognitive conditions focuses on the efficiency of STI and its minimal demands on cognitive capacity. The motivational conditions are divided into: proximal and distal goals. The chapter also explores whether STI refers to actors or merely to behaviors and the consequences of STI based on awareness, priming, prediction, and correspondence bias.

People as Flexible Interpreters: Evidence and Issues from Spontaneous Trait Inference

The Twenty Statements Test (TST) was administered in Seoul and New York, to 454 students from 2 cultures that emphasize collectivism and individualism, respectively. Responses, coded into 33 categories, were classified as either abstract or specific and as either autonomous or social. These 2 dichotomies were more independent in Seoul than in New York. The New York sample included Asian American whose spontaneous social identities differed. They either never listed ethnicity-nationality on the TST, or listed it once or twice. Unidentified Asian Americans' self-concepts resembled Euro-Americans' self-concepts, and twice identified Asian Americans' self-concepts resembled Koreans' self-concepts, in both abstractness-specificity and autonomy-sociality. Differential acculturation did not account for these results. Implications for social identity, self-categorization, and acculturation theory are discussed.

James S. Uleman

Papers

The new unconscious.

When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences

Spontaneous Inferences, Implicit Impressions, and Implicit Theories

People as Flexible Interpreters: Evidence and Issues from Spontaneous Trait Inference

Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures.