Isolation and Maintenance.- Isolation and Differentiation of Medaka Embryonic Stem Cells.- Maintenance of Chicken Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro.- Derivation and Culture of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells In Vitro.- Derivation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Rat Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro.- Derivation, Maintenance, and Induction of the Differentiation In Vitro of Equine Embryonic Stem Cells.- Generation and Characterization of Monkey Embryonic Stem Cells.- Derivation and Propagation of Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum- and Feeder-Free Culture.- Signaling in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation.- Internal Standards in Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro.- Matrix Assembly, Cell Polarization, and Cell Survival.- Phosphoinositides, Inositol Phosphates, and Phospholipase C in Embryonic Stem Cells.- Cripto Signaling in Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells.- The Use of Embryonic Stem Cells to Study Hedgehog Signaling.- Transfection and Promoter Analysis in Embryonic Stem Cells.- SAGE Analysis to Identify Embryonic Stem Cell-Predominant Transcripts.- Utilization of Digital Differential Display to Identify Novel Targets of Oct3/4.- Gene Silencing Using RNA Interference in Embryonic Stem Cells.- Genetic Manipulation of Embryonic Stem Cells.- Efficient Transfer of HSV-1 Amplicon Vectors Into Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Derivatives.- Lentiviral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer in Embryonic Stem Cells.- Use of the Cytomegalovirus Promoter for Transient and Stable Transgene Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells.- Use of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vectors for Simian Embryonic Stem Cells.- Generation of Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Monkey Embryonic Stem Cells.- DNA Damage Response and Mutagenesis in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells.- Ultraviolet-Induced Apoptosis in Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro.- Use of Embryonic Stem Cells in Pharmacological and Toxicological Screens.- Use of Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells in Pharmacological Studies.- Embryonic Stem Cells as a Source of Differentiated Neural Cells for Pharmacological Screens.- Use of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells in Embryotoxicity Assays.- Use of Chemical Mutagenesis in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells.- Epigenetic Analysis of Embryonic Stem Cells.- Nuclear Reprogramming of Somatic Nucleus Hybridized With Embryonic Stem Cells by Electrofusion.- Methylation in Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro.- Tumor-Like Properties.- Identification of Genes Involved in Tumor-Like Properties of Embryonic Stem Cells.- In Vivo Tumor Formation From Primate Embryonic Stem Cells.- Animal Models and Therapy.- Directed Differentiation and Characterization of Genetically Modified Embryonic Stem Cells for Therapy.- Use of Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells in the Parkinsonian Mouse Model.

Isolation and characterization

The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However, viruses can still replicate and cause disease in vivo, because they have some strategy for at least partially circumventing the IFN response. We reviewed this topic in 2000 [Goodbourn, S., Didcock, L. & Randall, R. E. (2000). J Gen Virol 81, 2341-2364] but, since then, a great deal has been discovered about the molecular mechanisms of the IFN response and how different viruses circumvent it. This information is of fundamental interest, but may also have practical application in the design and manufacture of attenuated virus vaccines and the development of novel antiviral drugs. In the first part of this review, we describe how viruses activate the IFN system, how IFNs induce transcription of their target genes and the mechanism of action of IFN-induced proteins with antiviral action. In the second part, we describe how viruses circumvent the IFN response. Here, we reflect upon possible consequences for both the virus and host of the different strategies that viruses have evolved and discuss whether certain viruses have exploited the IFN response to modulate their life cycle (e.g. to establish and maintain persistent/latent infections), whether perturbation of the IFN response by persistent infections can lead to chronic disease, and the importance of the IFN system as a species barrier to virus infections. Lastly, we briefly describe applied aspects that arise from an increase in our knowledge in this area, including vaccine design and manufacture, the development of novel antiviral drugs and the use of IFN-sensitive oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancer.

Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures.

From the combination of knowledge and actions, someone can improve their skill and ability. It will lead them to live and work much better. This is why, the students, workers, or even employers should have reading habit for books. Any book will give certain knowledge to take all benefits. This is what this the interferon system tells you. It will add more knowledge of you to life and work better. Try it and prove it.

The Interferon System

Vero cells, a line of African green monkey kidney cells, failed to produce interferon when infected with Newcastle disease, Sendai, Sindbis, and rubella viruses, although the cells were sensitive to interferon. Further, infection of Vero cells with rubella virus did not result in interference with the replication of echovirus 11, Newcastle disease virus, or vesicular stomatitis virus, even in cultures where virtually every cell was infected with rubella virus. Under the same conditions, BSC-1 cells and other cells of primate origin produced interferon and showed rubella virus interference. The results indicate that the presence of rubella virus in the cell does not in itself exclude multiplication of other viruses and that rubella virus interference appears to be linked to the capability of the cell to produce interferon.

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Defectiveness of Interferon Production and of Rubella Virus Interference in a Line of African Green Monkey Kidney Cells (Vero)

The hepatitis B virus-associated beta antigen was found in the serum of experimentally infected chimpanzee as an internal component of a discrete subpopulation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles. The 35- to 37-nm particles banded in CsCl at 1.24-1.25 g/cm3 and sedimented with a mobility intermediate between that of the hepatitis B virion and that of the 22-nm form of HBsAg. The particles contained only indistinct internal structure by electron microscopy and were not unique to delta agent infection, similar particles without delta-antigen activity being observed in the preinfection serum of HBsAg carrier chimpanzees. A small RNA (Mr, 5 X 10(5)) was temporally associated with delta antigen in the serum of infected chimpanzees and copurified with the delta-antigen-associated particles. This RNA is smaller than the genomes of known RNA viruses but larger than the viroids of higher plants.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/77/10/6124.full.pdf

delta Agent: association of delta antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and RNA in serum of delta-infected chimpanzees

SummaryThe hemadsorption-negative plaque assay technique has provided a means of quantitatively studying rubella virus neutralization. A 3-day assay for rubella antibodies has been developed which is sensitive and reproducible. The addition of fresh guinea pig serum enhanced rubella antibody titers up to 16 times those obtained in heated sera. The factor or factors responsible for the enhancement of antibody titers have the properties of complement.The authors gratefully acknowledge the able assistance provided by Miss Marian Moore and Mrs. Marjorie Burkhardt. The helpful advice and consultation of Dr. Gordon R. Dreesman is deeply appreciated.

Rubella virus neutralization by plaque reduction.

Induction of and sensitivity to interferon were investigated in relation to virus persistence in congenital rubella Rubella virus was found to be sensitive to human interferon in acutely infected tissue culture cells; however, virus yields from chronically infected cells were not altered by interferon Serum and urine obtained from infants with congenital rubella during periods of active virus excretion did not contain detectable amounts of interferon Vaccination of congenital rubella infants with either Edmonston B or Schwarz strain of live measles virus resulted in a clinical, immunologic and interferon response similar to that of normal children The interferon-inducing capacity of the Schwarz strain was greater than that of the Edmonston B strain

Interferon in Congenital Rubella: Response to Live Attenuated Measles Vaccine

Summary The cells from fetuses infected in utero with rubella virus were analyzed for the presence or absence of virus. Cells that were virus-free were examined for evidence of prior experience with virus. By infectious center assay of fetal cells in GMK tubes, and by growing fetal cells in culture tubes, it was established that not more than 0.1% of the fetal cells contained infectious virus. No evidence of experience with rubella virus was found in virus-free cells, for such cells were able to support the replication of rubella virus, Newcastle disease virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. The production of interferon and sensitivity to interferon was normal in virus-free cells, but not in virus-containing cells. The data obtained demonstrate that congenital rubella differs from congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of mice where all of the cells contain viral antigen or are resistant to superinfection by the virus.

Virus carrier cells and virus-free cells in fetal rubella.

SummaryRadioactive (3H) uridine was incorporated into RNA isolated from the HBsAg of a chimpanzee carrier HBsAg was purified by precipitation as an immune complex with the IgG fraction of chimpanzee anti-HBs RNA was extracted from the washed complex with buffered phenol precipitated with alcohol and four nucleotides were identified by thin layer chromatography after alkali degradationWe acknowledge with appreciation the time and assistance of Dr Manfred E Bayer for the electron microscopic examination of the purified HBsAg—anti HBs complexesAddendum After this work was prepared for publication we became aware of the possibility that radioactive uridine could have been incorporated into uridine diphosphoglucose and not RNA We have since repeated the procedure for the isolation of nucleic acid described in methods but included two additional steps (1) The chimpanzee plasma was treated with 25 μg/ml of RNAse (4000 units/mg, Worthington, Freehold, NJ) and incubated for 15 min at 37° A control contai

Jan Desmyter

Papers

Defectiveness of Interferon Production and of Rubella Virus Interference in a Line of African Green Monkey Kidney Cells (Vero)

Rubella virus neutralization by plaque reduction.

Interferon in Congenital Rubella: Response to Live Attenuated Measles Vaccine

Virus carrier cells and virus-free cells in fetal rubella.

The incorporation of radioactive uridine into the hepatitis B antigen of a chimpanzee.