Written for those who want to develop their knowledge of requirements engineering process, whether practitioners or students.Using the latest research and driven by practical experience from industry, Requirements Engineering gives useful hints to practitioners on how to write and structure requirements. It explains the importance of Systems Engineering and the creation of effective solutions to problems. It describes the underlying representations used in system modeling and introduces the UML2, and considers the relationship between requirements and modeling. Covering a generic multi-layer requirements process, the book discusses the key elements of effective requirements management. The latest version ofDOORS (Version 7)- a software tool which serves as an enabler of a requirements management process - is also introduced to the reader here.Additional material and links are available at: http://www.requirementsengineering.info

Requirements Engineering

Kurzfassung Die additiven Fertigungsverfahren (Additive Manufacturing – AM) sind in aller Munde. Doch in den Fertigungshallen sieht man sie nach wie vor selten. Wir versuchen, die Ursachen dafür zu ergründen. Dazu analysieren wir, wer diese Fertigungstechnologie heute für welche Aufgaben nutzt. So vielfältig die Einsatzgebiete auch sind – es kristallisieren sich Gemeinsamkeiten bei der Nutzung heraus. Aus dem Wissen, wofür die additiven Fertigungsverfahren eingesetzt werden, leiten wir Anwendungsfelder ab, für die sie typischerweise nicht in Frage kommen. Daraus ergeben sich vielfältige Handlungsfelder – nicht nur in Bezug auf die Weiterentwicklung der Technologie selbst, sondern auch hinsichtlich der Rahmenbedingungen für deren Nutzung.

Additive Fertigungsverfahren: Handlungsfelder

Physical mechanisms in hybrid additive manufacturing: A process design framework

In the last thirty years the concept of manufacturability has been applied to many different processes in numerous industries. This has resulted in the emergence of several different "Design for Manufacturing" methodologies which have in common the aim of reducing productions costs through the application of general manufacturing rules. Near net shape technologies have expanded these concepts, targeting mainly primary shaping process, such as casting or forging. The desired outcomes of manufacturability analysis for near-net-shape (NNS) processes are cost and lead/time reduction through minimization of process steps (in particular cutting and finishing operations) and raw material saving. Product quality improvement, variability reduction and component design functionality enhancement are also achievable through NNS optimization. Process parameters, product design and material selection are the changing variables in a manufacturing chain that interact in complex, non-linear ways. Consequently modeling and simulation play important roles in the investigation of alternative approaches. However defining the manufacturing capability of different processes is also a “moving target” because the various NNS technologies are constantly improving and evolving so there is challenge in accurately reflecting their requirements and capabilities. In the last decade, for example, CAD, CNC technologies and innovation in materials have impacted enormously on the development of NNS technologies. This paper reviews the different methods reported for NNS manufacturability assessment and examines how they can make an impact on cost, quality and process variability in the context of a specific production volume. The discussion identifies a lack of structured approaches, poor connection with process optimization methodologies and a lack of empirical models as gaps in the reported approaches.

Near net shape manufacturing of metal: a review of approaches and their evolutions

There are many investigations in design methodologies, but there are also divergences and convergences as there are so many points of view. This study aims to evaluate to corroborate and deepen other researchers’ findings, dissipate divergences and provide directing to future work on the subject from a methodological and convergent perspective.,This study analyzes the previous reviews (about 15 reviews) and based on the consensus and the classifications provided by these authors, a significant sample of research is analyzed in the design for additive manufacturing (DFAM) theme (approximately 80 articles until June of 2017 and approximately 280–300 articles until February of 2019) through descriptive statistics, to corroborate and deepen the findings of other researchers.,Throughout this work, this paper found statistics indicating that the main areas studied are: multiple objective optimizations, execution of the design, general DFAM and DFAM for functional performance. Among the main conclusions: there is a lack of innovation in the products developed with the methodologies, there is a lack of exhaustivity in the methodologies, there are few efforts to include environmental aspects in the methodologies, many of the methods include economic and cost evaluation, but are not very explicit and broad (sustainability evaluation), it is necessary to consider a greater variety of functions, among other conclusions,The novelty in this study is the methodology. It is very objective, comprehensive and quantitative. The starting point is not the case studies nor the qualitative criteria, but the figures and quantities of methodologies. The main contribution of this review article is to guide future work on the subject from a methodological and convergent perspective and this article provides a broad database with articles containing information on many issues to make decisions: design methodology; optimization; processes, selection of parts and materials; cost and product management; mechanical, electrical and thermal properties; health and environmental impact, etc.

Design for additive manufacturing: a comprehensive review of the tendencies and limitations of methodologies

Hybrid Additive Manufacturing – Process Chain Correlations and Impacts

Integrated Product, Production and Material Definition for Conventional versus Generative Manufacturing Technologies

Additive Manufacturing (AM) provides significant opportunities for design and functional integration of parts and assemblies. Compared to conventional processes, the AM principle increases design freedom notably. Additionally, numerous processible materials and hybrid processes enable the implementation in different industries, spanning from aerospace over automobile until medical applications.

However, there are still handicaps to be addressed, arising from the large diversity of AM principles, post-processing and quality assurance issues, partly insufficient user knowledge, and organizational aspects. Coherently, lacking requirements specification hinders a successful consideration of AM in the early stages of development, and its later implementation.

To promote knowledge build-up, this contribution presents a requirements specification framework, which supports developers in determining demands throughout the development process, including those resulting from post-processing and testing operations. By incorporating thorough analyses of general organizational and resort overarching limitations, this contribution promotes a successful implementation of suitable AM strategies.

/pdf/hybrid-additive-manufacturing-requirements-engineering-3ym6z9urxa.pdf

Hybrid Additive Manufacturing - Requirements Engineering Framework for Process Chain Considerations

Today, an essential challenge lies in a holistic as well as integrated assessment and selection of an adequate manufacturing technology bearing in mind a tailored product design along with a further optimized material selection, particularly with respect to the emerging potentials of the increasingly industrialized application of additive manufacturing (AM). Therefore, this contribution presents a scientifically detailed view on a methodological set-based product and production engineering approach dealing with technical, economic and ecological aspects in an aggregated, tool-based manner.

/pdf/early-phase-evaluation-of-additive-manufacturing-4ds05pi036.pdf

Early phase evaluation of additive manufacturing technologies within an integrated product and production engineering approach

Today, product success more than ever depends on the satisfaction of consumer needs. Besides, manufacturers need to shorten development cycles and accelerate product release in order to stay competitive. This is achieved by applying customer-oriented methods allowing for fast and reliable acting. During the early phase of product development, requirements acquisition is crucial for later success of products, since specifications are most influenceable at this point. Referring to the decisive concept generation phase, material and production definition is difficult due to the highly complex interrelations between material properties, production process capabilities, and resulting product characteristics. Especially in the context of lightweight design, concurrent material and processing technology selection must be considered due to its various possible interfaces.

Thus, this contribution outlines an integrated approach towards an enhanced material and process related, customer-oriented requirements acquisition during the early phase upstream of product detailing. Here, conventional multi-criteria decision-making and tactile recognition are employed in an agile transformation model.

/pdf/integrated-and-customer-oriented-material-and-process-3wbpjrg5b9.pdf

Jan-Henrik Schneberger

Papers

Hybrid Additive Manufacturing – Process Chain Correlations and Impacts

Integrated Product, Production and Material Definition for Conventional versus Generative Manufacturing Technologies

Hybrid Additive Manufacturing - Requirements Engineering Framework for Process Chain Considerations

Early phase evaluation of additive manufacturing technologies within an integrated product and production engineering approach

Integrated and Customer-Oriented Material and Process Selection by Sensory Multi-Criteria Decision-Making