Recovery of carboxylic acids produced by fermentation

Comparative assessment of downstream processing options for lactic acid

Abstract Petroleum reservoirs often contain compositionally heterogeneous petroleum, water and sometimes gas columns which can be interpreted in geologically useful ways. Kilometre-scale lateral compositional heterogeneities in fluid columns suggest petroleum emplacement directions, directions of water flow in biodegraded oilfields and the presence of major barriers to fluid flow within reservoirs. Vertical fluid column heterogeneities on a 10 m scale suggest that reservoirs are vertically compartmentalized. These data can be used as a tool in reservoir description and are thus relevant to many aspects of reservoir appraisal and development. The data supplement those generated by reservoir geologists and engineers, and can be obtained immediately after drilling, at reasonable cost. Much recent work has focused on polar nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) containing compounds such as quinolines, carbazoles and phenols. These compounds interact relatively strongly with water, rock minerals and each other, and may significantly influence the viscosity and pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties of petroleum, and also reservoir wettability. There are obvious links here between reservoir geochemistry and the more traditional disciplines of petroleum and reservoir engineering which we expect to be exploited in the coming years. In the absence of phase changes during migration, the composition of reservoired oil reflects the expelled oil plus changes induced by adsorption, especially of polar compounds, onto solid phases or by partitioning into porewaters along secondary migration pathways. The extent of change, as measured by the relative abundances of selected compounds in reservoired oil and associated water, is potentially a direct measure of migration volume and thus of the relative amounts of water, oil and rock on a migration pathway. We present a simplified, equilibrium model which may allow one to assess migration volumes, and use n-hexane/benzene ratios of some North Sea oils to suggest that these oils have contacted fewer than one hundred volumes of water on their migration pathways. Future work should aim to quantify the interactions of migrating and reservoired petroleum with rock and water, and should yield a more quantitative assessment of both migration volumes and the controls of reservoir wettability.

Reservoir geochemistry: methods, applications and opportunities

Carboxylic acids are examples of compounds with wide industrial applications and high potential. This article presents the principles of reactive extraction along with the characteristics of tertiary amine extractants, while is given on considering the effect of the amine class and chain length. As such a brief overview the current research on reactive extraction, including the recovery of citric acid, selective amine-based extraction, and extractive fermentation is given. When discussing extractive fermentation, strategies for reducing solvent toxicity are also suggested based on specific examples. Finally, solvent regeneration and stripping of extracted acid are explained.

Application of reactive extraction to recovery of carboxylic acids

Amine extraction of citric acid: effect of diluent

Extraction of citric acid from aqueous solutions with TAA, a mixture of tertiary aliphatic amines, dissolved in 1-octanol/n-heptane mixtures, and coextraction of water have been studied as a function of acid, amine, and octanol concentrations at different temperatures. Using a chemical modeling approach, two complexes [acid-amine-h 11 H 2 O and acid-(amine) 2 .h 12 H 2 O] have been assumed to exist in the organic phase, and the corresponding equilibrium constants, apparent enthalpies, and entropies of complex formation have been evaluated

Amine Extraction of Hydroxycarboxylic Acids. 1. Extraction of Citric Acid with 1-octanol/n-heptane Solutions of Trialkylamine

Mathematical model of extraction of citric acid with amine

The distribution of phenol and o-cresol between water or aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and n-heptane, toluene or methyl-isobutyl-ketone (MIBK) was investigated. A mathematical model of extraction was formulated and its parameters were estimated for each solute-solvent pair.



On a etudie la distribution du phenol et du o-cresol entre l'eau ou des solutions aqueuses d'hydroxyde de sodium et de n-heptane, de toluene ou de methyl-isobutyl-cetone (MIBK). Un modele d'extraction mathematique a ete formule et ses parametres estimes pour chaque paire solute-solvant.

Extraction of phenols: I. distribution of individual phenols between organic solvents and water or aqueous solvents

The method of determining rare earths by chelometric EDTA titration with biamperometric end-point indication using two stationary platinum electrodes was studied. The convenient pH range for the determination of lanthanum is 5.0 – 8.0, for yttrium 3.5 – 8.0 and for ytterbium 3.0 – 8.0. Rare earths have been determined in the presence of iron and thorium. Iron and thorium can be titrated at pH 1.5 – 2.0 and rare earths of the lanthanum group can be determined by successive titration at pH 5.0. Large amounts of rare earths of the yttrium group interfere with the determination of iron and thorium.

Jan Horacek

Papers

Amine extraction of citric acid: effect of diluent

Amine Extraction of Hydroxycarboxylic Acids. 1. Extraction of Citric Acid with 1-octanol/n-heptane Solutions of Trialkylamine

Mathematical model of extraction of citric acid with amine

Extraction of phenols: I. distribution of individual phenols between organic solvents and water or aqueous solvents

Amperometry with Two Polarizable Electrodes. Chelometric Determination of Rare Earths