Under current assumptions, the structural representation of a clause consists of three kinds of structural layers, each layer an instantiation of the X-bar schema: 

1.

The lexical layer, headed by the verb, the structural layer in which theta assignment takes place.




2.

The inflectional layer, headed by functional heads corresponding to concrete or abstract morphological specifications on the verb, and responsible for the licensing of argumental features such as case and agreement.




3.

The complementizer layer, typically headed by a free functional morpheme, and hosting topics and various operator-like elements such as interrogative and relative pronouns, focalized elements, etc.






In the mid eighties, each layer was identified with a single X-bar projection (VP, IP, CP), but this assumption quickly turned out to be too simplistic. Under the impact of Pollock’s (1989) influential analysis of verb movement, IP dissolved into a series of functional projections, each corresponding to system (Agr, T, Asp,…). Kayne’s (1984) binary branching hypothesis naturally led to the postulation of multiple VP layers for multi-argument verbs, e.g. along the lines of Larson (1988) and much related work.

The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery

Foreword by Norbert Hornstein Preface Part I 1 Mind and Body 2 Structures, Capacities, and Conventions 3 Knowledge of Grammar 4 Some Elements of Grammar Part II 5 On the Biological Basis of Language Capacities 6 Language and Unconscious Knowledge Notes Index

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BB96E4E09C461EFC230F72A9D7BDF603/S0140525X00001515a.pdf/div-class-title-rules-and-representations-div.pdf

Rules and Representations

The biolinguistic perspective regards the language faculty as an “organ of the body,” along with other cognitive systems. Adopting it, we expect to find three factors that interact to determine (I-) languages attained: genetic endowment (the topic of Universal Grammar), experience, and principles that are language- or even organism-independent. Research has naturally focused on I-languages and UG, the problems of descriptive and explanatory adequacy. The Principles-and-Parameters approach opened the possibility for serious investigation of the third factor, and the attempt to account for properties of language in terms of general considerations of computational efficiency, eliminating some of the technology postulated as specific to language and providing more principled explanation of linguistic phenomena

/pdf/three-factors-in-language-design-3ui5wze9cz.pdf

Three Factors in Language Design

Talk of linguistic universals has given cognitive scientists the impression that languages are all built to a common pattern. In fact, there are vanishingly few universals of language in the direct sense that all languages exhibit them. Instead, diversity can be found at almost every level of linguistic organization. This fundamentally changes the object of enquiry from a cognitive science perspective. This target article summarizes decades of cross-linguistic work by typologists and descriptive linguists, showing just how few and unprofound the universal characteristics of language are, once we honestly confront the diversity offered to us by the world's 6,000 to 8,000 languages. After surveying the various uses of "universal," we illustrate the ways languages vary radically in sound, meaning, and syntactic organization, and then we examine in more detail the core grammatical machinery of recursion, constituency, and grammatical relations. Although there are significant recurrent patterns in organization, these are better explained as stable engineering solutions satisfying multiple design constraints, reflecting both cultural-historical factors and the constraints of human cognition. Linguistic diversity then becomes the crucial datum for cognitive science: we are the only species with a communication system that is fundamentally variable at all levels. Recognizing the true extent of structural diversity in human language opens up exciting new research directions for cognitive scientists, offering thousands of different natural experiments given by different languages, with new opportunities for dialogue with biological paradigms concerned with change and diversity, and confronting us with the extraordinary plasticity of the highest human skills.

/pdf/the-myth-of-language-universals-language-diversity-and-its-i1slauuahf.pdf

The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science

Since the earliest days of generative grammar, control has been distinguished from raising: the latter the product of movement operations, the former the result of construal processes relating a PRO to an antecedent. This article argues that obligatory control structures are also formed by movement. Minimalism makes this approach viable by removing D-Structure as a grammatical level. Implementing the suggestion, however, requires eliminating the last vestiges of D-Structure still extant in Chomsky's (1995) version of the Minimalist Program. In particular, it requires dispensing with the θ-Criterion and adopting the view that θ-roles are featurelike in being able to license movement.

Movement and Control

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Locality principles in syntax

/pdf/dutch-as-an-sov-language-d00ssbmm08.pdf

Dutch as an SOV Language

Domains and dynasties: The radical autonomy of syntax

On binding and control

1. Long distance anaphora: an overview Eric Reuland and Jan Koster 2. Containment and connectedness anaphors Lars Hellan 3. Long distance reflexives and the typology of NPs Hoskulder Thrainsson 4. Contextual determination of the anaphor/pronominal distinction Martin Eaveraert 5. On the interaction between antecedent government and binding: the case of long distance reflexivization Pierre Pica 6. Binding in Polish Ewa Reinders-Machowska 7. Anaphors in binary trees: an analysis of Czech reflexives Jindrick Toman 8. Latin long distance anaphora Elena Benedicto 9. Prepositions, binding and theta-marking Allessandra Giorgi 10. Locality, parameters and some issues in Italian syntax Rita Manzini 11. Long distance binding in Finnish Marlies Van Steenbergen 12. The primacy condition on anaphors and pronominal variable binding E. Kiss Katalin 13. On the local nature of the long distance reflexive in Chinese C. T. James Huang and C. C. Jane Tang 14. Anaphors and logophors: an argument structure perspective Tanya Reinhart and Eric Reuland.

Jan Koster

Papers

Locality principles in syntax

Dutch as an SOV Language

Domains and dynasties: The radical autonomy of syntax

On binding and control

Long-distance anaphora