http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/downloadpdf.php/buku/focus-groups-as-qualitative-research-by-morgan-david-l-11476.pdf

Focus groups as qualitative research / by Morgan, David L.

Cognitive engineering

Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences

Intimacy is a crucial element of domestic life, and many interactive technologies designed for other purposes have been appropriated for use within intimate relationships. However, there is a deficit in current understandings of how technologies are used within intimate relationships, and how to design technologies to support intimate acts. In this paper we report on work that has addressed these deficits. We used cultural probes and contextual interviews and other ethnographically informed techniques to investigate how interactive technologies are used within intimate relationships. From this empirical work we generated a thematic understanding of intimacy and the use of interactional technologies to support intimate acts. We used this understanding to inform the design of intimate technologies. A selection of our design concepts is also presented.

/pdf/mediating-intimacy-designing-technologies-to-support-strong-3eldj7mij1.pdf

Mediating intimacy: designing technologies to support strong-tie relationships

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166Just Add Users and Stir? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166Major Bibliographic Sources for Participatory Design . . .167

Participatory design: the third space in HCI

What do young people want from information and communication technology? Why do they adopt some technologies but reject others? What roles do mobile technologies play in their lives as they move from childhood toward the adult world? Working from a social constructionist perspective, and on the basis of an extensive empirical research process, we are gaining insight into the variables heeded by young people during the earliest stages of technology use, stages we call 'appropriation'. We propose a model that discusses appropriation in terms of the interplay between what young people desire, the capabilities and implications of technology and the situations of use that young people inhabit. Depending on the balance between these factors, we are able to observe three outcomes: non-appropriation, appropriation and disappropriation. Conceptually, we describe technology use as a process of 'personal construction', which is quite different to the 'construction' processes followed by the designer, but nevertheless equally important.

/pdf/just-what-do-the-youth-of-today-want-technology-nuvixtpplb.pdf

Just what do the youth of today want? Technology appropriation by young people

What do young people want from mobile technologies? How do they use mobile technologies in their everyday lives? This work uses multiple research methods to build understanding of 16 to 22 year olds' perceptions and use of mobile telephones. We propose a model of technology ' appropriation that represents the way they evaluate and integrate mobile telephones into their lives. The paper contributes to both information systems (IS) theory and practice. For IS researchers, this paper presents a picture of lifestyle rather than task-oriented technology use in diverse-and principally non-organisational-contexts. The multi-method research approach is in and of itself a contribution in enabling IS researchers to construct a rich and sound understanding of mobile technology use in different contexts. The paper contributes to IS design, marketing and training practice by describing the influences on 16 to 22 year olds' appropriation of mobile telephones. INTRODUCTION Mobile technologies, particularly mobile (cellular) telephones and text messaging, have been widely adopted of young people and integrated into their everyday lives. To date there have been few descriptions of the ways that young people are adopting and using mobile telephones and there is little understanding of the reasons for high levels of use. This haper reports on a joint collaborative research project between Novell Pty. Ltd. and the University of Melbourne called `Customers of the Future'. The project examines the use of mobile telephones in the everyday lives by young people aged between 16 and 22. The paper describes and helps understand the process of 'technology appropriation' through which the participants evaluate, adopt and shape mobile telephones to their needs. THE RESEARCH APPROACH We are investigating young people's perceptions of mobile technologies and how they are used in their social, leisure, work and educational worlds: * What do they want from mobile technologies? * How do they use mobile technologies? Our interest in future needs and desires for technology influenced our selection of the research cohort (16 to 22 year olds) and context (large cities in a developed country). We studied the 16 to 22 year cohort as these are the 'customers of the future', moving from childhood into independent life in the adult world. The context is the two largest cities in Australia which is considered an early adopter of mobile technology. Urban young Australians are enthusiastic users of mobile telephones and Short Messaging Service (SMS, also called text messaging). Currently, use of mobile technologies in developed countries varies greatly: * In Japan ownership of mobile technologies is high and Mode, the dominant service, is particularly popular with young people (Barnes 2001). However, the mobile technology context is unique due to a combination of economic, political and social factors (Barnes 2001; ICL 2000). * In the US mobile telephone ownership is quite high but intense competition between telecommunication companies has prevented the provision of a common communication platform that would allow users to SMS subscribers of other companies * In the rest of the developed world, including Australia, Scandinavia, the UK, and other parts of Europe and Asia ownership is rather high. About 65% of Australians own a mobile telephone, similar figures to the UK but somewhat less than Scandinavia, Italy and Hong Kong (Barnes 2001; Gooch 2002). Countries with a high use of SMS include all Scandinavian countries as well as the UK, Italy, Germany, Spain, Holland, Belgium, Australia and the Philippines. All of these countries have an integrated wireless medium and mobile telephones and SMS has been adopted by youngsters with great passion (see Carroll et al. 2001 in Australia; Ling and Yttri 1999 in Norway; Taylor and Harper 2001 in the UK). RESEARCH METHODS Traditional IS research approaches that focus on studying work practices in organisational settings (for example, Currie and Galliers 1999) were found wanting when applied to our cohort of interest (16 to 22 year olds rather than adult employees), our technology focus (mobile telephones rather than organisational information systems) and our activity set (work, leisure, social and educational activities rather than merely work). …

/pdf/a-field-study-of-perceptions-and-use-of-mobile-telephones-by-1bkc3xrswi.pdf

A Field Study of Perceptions and Use of Mobile Telephones by 16 to 22 Year Olds

Users appropriate a technology through a process of evaluation that results either in rejection or adoption, adaptation and integration of the technology into their everyday activities Currently this process, and the influences on users’ decisions within that process, is poorly understood This paper reports a research project that examines young people’s appropriation of mobile technologies Thirty young Australians were supplied with a free WAP phone for a month and were tracked from their expectations, the initial encounter and the first month of use of a WAP phone We found that the influences on their adoption of the phones were quite different to those on ongoing use and so the influences on adoption do not predict long-term use It is clear that studying adoption is only one step towards understanding technology acceptance and use and that rejection of a technology, even one that is supplied free of cost, is an ever-present option

/pdf/from-adoption-to-use-the-process-of-appropriating-a-mobile-51p6e1esio.pdf

From Adoption to Use: the process of appropriating a mobile phone

Why and how do young people adopt and use information and communication technology? Based on social constructionist theory and empirical research we propo se a model of ‘technology appropriation’. When young people are faced with a new technology we have observed three outcomes: non-appropriation, appropriation and disappropriation. How the technology is affected by, and in turn affects, young peoples’ identity, their experience of power and the degree of cohesion in their activities and relations with others appears to be critical in determining the appropriation outcome. The novelty of this work lies in ‘opening up’ the way that technology is shaped by users after development; in describing the process of appropriation and in examining some of the key influences upon young people’s appropriation of technology. This work contributes to a body of work that sees technology as socially constructed.

/pdf/identity-power-and-fragmentation-in-cyberspace-technology-56sng5gw3a.pdf

Identity, power and fragmentation in cyberspace: technology appropriation by young people

We have developed a form of scenario-based design that aims to increase stakeholders' sense of 'immersion' in the happenings and situations depicted in the scenarios. In our approach, scenarios are 'acted out' by actors and/or candidate users during participatory design sessions, rather than being 'walked through' by designers and users. In form, our scenarios are bare and malleable and load on the context of use more than the activities and objectives of the candidate users. In usage, our scenarios play a role similar to stage directions in theatrical performance. Props are a vital accompaniment to such scenarios. Props focus the attention of the design team and stakeholders during participatory design sessions and this paper describes their form and usage.

Jane Peck

Papers

Just what do the youth of today want? Technology appropriation by young people

A Field Study of Perceptions and Use of Mobile Telephones by 16 to 22 Year Olds

From Adoption to Use: the process of appropriating a mobile phone

Identity, power and fragmentation in cyberspace: technology appropriation by young people

Using 'endowed props' in scenario-based design