Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

Symbols and abbreviations Foreword John J. Gumperz Introduction to the reissue Notes 1. Introduction 2. Summarized argument 3. The argument: intuitive bases and derivative definitions 4. On the nature of the model 5. Realizations of politeness strategies in language 6. Derivative hypotheses 7. Sociological implications 8. Implications for language studies 9. Conclusions Notes References Author index Subject index.

Politeness : Some Universals in Language Usage

語用論(Pragmatics)を考える

How to ... be a reflective practitioner.

Men and Women of the Corporation

Contents Preface to Fourth Edition Preface to Third Edition Preface to Second Edition Preface to First Edition Author's Acknowledgements Publisher's Acknowledgements 1. What do sociolinguists study? What is a sociolinguist? Why do we say the same thing in different ways? What are the different ways we say things? Social factors, dimensions and explanations Section I: Multilingual Speech Communities 2. Language choice in multilingual communities Choosing your variety or code Diglossia Code-switching or code-mixing 3. Language maintenance and shift Language shift in different communities Language death and language loss Factors contributing to language shift How can a minority language be maintained? Language revival 4. Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations Vernacular languages Standard languages Lingua francas Pidgins and creoles 5. National languages and language planning National and official languages Planning for a national official language Developing a standard variety in Norway The linguist's role in language planning Section II: Language Variation: Focus on Users 6. Regional and social dialects Regional variation Social variation Social dialects 7. Gender and age Gender-exclusive speech differences: non-Western communities Gender-preferential speech features: social dialect research Gender and social class Explanations of women's linguistic behaviour Age-graded features of speech Age and social dialect data Age grading and language change 8. Ethnicity and social networks Ethnicity Social networks 9. Language change Variation and change How do changes spread? How do we study language change? Reasons for language change Section III: Language Variation: Focus on Uses 10. Style, context and register Addressee as an influence on style Accommodation theory Context, style and class Style in non-Western societies Register 11. Speech functions, politeness and cross-cultural communication The functions of speech Politeness and address forms Linguistic politeness in different cultures 12. Gender, politeness and stereotypes Women's language and confidence Interaction Gossip The linguistic construction of gender The linguistic construction of sexuality Sexist language 13. Language, cognition and culture Language and perception Whorf Linguistic categories and culture Discourse patterns and culture Language, social class, and cognition 14. Analysing Discourse Pragmatics and politeness theory Ethnography of speaking Interactional sociolinguistics Conversation Analysis (CA) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 15. Attitudes and applications Attitudes to language Sociolinguistics and education Sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics 16. Conclusion Sociolinguistic competence Dimensions of sociolinguistic analysis Sociolinguistic universals References Appendix: phonetic symbols Glossary Index

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Sex, politeness and language: Sex and language, What is politeness?, Why do women and men interact differently?, Analysing linguistic politeness, Social dimensions and linguistic analysis, Cross-cultural contrasts, What's in store Who speaks here? Interacting politely: Who's got the floor?, Who's asking questions?, Who's interrupting and why?, Back-channeling - a female speciality?, Agreeable and disagreeable responses, Conclusion Soft and low-hedges and boosters as politeness devices: Hedges and boosters, Hedges and boosters and 'women's language, Tag questions, Pragmatic particles- you know, I think, sort of, of course, The pragmatic tag eh, A prosodic hedge - the HRT, How typical are these politeness patterns?, Conclusion What a lovely tie! Compliments and positive politeness strategies: Paying compliments, Who pays most compliments?, How do women and men pay compliments?, What do women and men compliment each other about?, Can a compliment be a power play?, Compliment responses, What about other speech acts?, Conclusion Sorry! Apologies and negative politeness strategies: Why apologise?, Who apologises most, How do women and men apologise?, What deserves an apology?, Offending the boss is a serious matter, Friends and forgiveness, How do people respond to an apology?, Why apologise? Some answers, Speech acts and politeness - what next? Why politeness matters: Patterns of politeness, Being polite in class, Peer interaction in professional contexts, Strategies for change, Conclusion.

Women, Men and Politeness

The handbook of language and gender

This article examines verbal humour in routine interactions within professional workplaces, using material recorded in four New Zealand government departments. The problem of defining humour is dis...

Politeness, Power and Provocation: How Humour Functions in the Workplace:

This article provides an introduction to this issue of Language in Societyby exploring the relationship of the concept of Community of Practice (CofP) to related terms and theoretical frameworks. The criterial characteristics and constitutive features of a CofP are examined; the article points out how a CofP framework is distinguished from other sociolinguistic and social psychological frameworks, including social identity theory, speech community, social network and social constructionist approaches. (Community of Practice, speech community, gender, sex, social practice, ethnographic sociolinguistics, discourse analysis) The term “Community of Practice” (CofP) has recently shouldered its way into the sociolinguistic lexicon. The purpose of this issue of Language in Societyis to provide analyses of language variation, discourse, and language use that illustrate the potential (and also the limits) of this concept as a theoretical and methodological basis for inquiry. It is not generally helpful to add a term to one’s field unless it is intended to serve some demonstrably useful purpose. The term “Community of Practice” bears a strong similarity to the existing term “speech community ” ‐ a concept that has proved to be a productive and useful tool for research into the orderly heterogeneity of language in its social setting; thus it must be shown how the CofP in some way takes us farther toward our goal of understanding the constraints on natural language variation. In addition, some sociolinguists may see in the CofP a tool for the description of language variation that bears a strong resemblance to fundamental principles Language in Society28, 173‐183. Printed in the United States of America

Janet Holmes

Papers

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Women, Men and Politeness

The handbook of language and gender

Politeness, Power and Provocation: How Humour Functions in the Workplace:

The Community of Practice: Theories and methodologies in language and gender research