We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

Network slicing has been identified as the backbone of the rapidly evolving 5G technology. However, as its consolidation and standardization progress, there are no literatures that comprehensively discuss its key principles, enablers, and research challenges. This paper elaborates network slicing from an end-to-end perspective detailing its historical heritage, principal concepts, enabling technologies and solutions as well as the current standardization efforts. In particular, it overviews the diverse use cases and network requirements of network slicing, the pre-slicing era, considering RAN sharing as well as the end-to-end orchestration and management, encompassing the radio access, transport network and the core network. This paper also provides details of specific slicing solutions for each part of the 5G system. Finally, this paper identifies a number of open research challenges and provides recommendations toward potential solutions.

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Network Slicing and Softwarization: A Survey on Principles, Enabling Technologies, and Solutions

Personal content server apparatus and associated methods that allow a user (e.g., cable or satellite network subscriber) to access content, such as a video program, from a location outside the subscriber's network. In one embodiment, a personal content server streams the content to the subscriber over a network connection from the local e.g., (subscription) network to a remote network upon authorization by a content manager process. Various access, business or operational rules are applied depending on the content and delivery mode; e.g., to live video broadcast, video-on-demand (VOD), or archived content from the subscriber's digital video recorder (DVR) or networked PVR. Secondary content (e.g., promotions, advertisements, etc.) can also be selectively replaced if desired in order to make the remotely delivered content more appropriate to the remote user's context.

Personal content server apparatus and methods

Many network applications, eg, industrial control, demand ultra-low latency (ULL) However, traditional packet networks can only reduce the end-to-end latencies to the order of tens of milliseconds The IEEE 8021 time sensitive networking (TSN) standard and related research studies have sought to provide link layer support for ULL networking, while the emerging IETF deterministic networking (DetNet) standards seek to provide the complementary network layer ULL support This paper provides an up-to-date comprehensive survey of the IEEE TSN and IETF DetNet standards and the related research studies The survey of these standards and research studies is organized according to the main categories of flow concept, flow synchronization, flow management, flow control, and flow integrity ULL networking mechanisms play a critical role in the emerging fifth generation (5G) network access chain from wireless devices via access, backhaul, and core networks We survey the studies that specifically target the support of ULL in 5G networks, with the main categories of fronthaul, backhaul, and network management Throughout, we identify the pitfalls and limitations of the existing standards and research studies This survey can thus serve as a basis for the development of standards enhancements and future ULL research studies that address the identified pitfalls and limitations

Ultra-Low Latency (ULL) Networks: The IEEE TSN and IETF DetNet Standards and Related 5G ULL Research

Methods and apparatus for selecting, purchasing and delivering content to users of a network so that the user has “virtual” ownership of and access to the content, thereby obviating the need for physical media (e.g., DVDs or CDs). In an exemplary embodiment, the network comprises a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) network, and on-demand (OD) sessions or broadcast modes are used to deliver the virtual content stored at the head-end (or hub site) to the requesting owner. The purchased content is associated with one or more users when stored, thereby providing the owner(s) unlimited access thereto, without the costs and effort associated with renting/purchasing and maintaining DVDs. The content may also comprise new release content, which would otherwise not be available over the network at that time but for the purchase and delivery mechanisms of the invention. Various other complementary features for enhancing the user's virtual ownership experience are also disclosed.

Methods and apparatus for providing virtual content over a network

A technique for determining an interconnect node for establishment of a forwarding path for transmitting service based data within a network system comprising a first network and a second network is provided. The first network comprises: a plurality of network interconnect nodes connectable to a plurality of external links towards the second network, and one or more internal links connecting the network interconnect nodes with each other. A method implementation of the technique comprises assigning, for a given service, interconnect node status information to the network interconnect nodes, wherein a network interconnect node to which a passive status is assigned is only allowed to transmit service based data between an external link and another interconnect node of the network, or between two other interconnect nodes of the network, and wherein only a network interconnect node to which an active status is assigned is allowed to send or receive service based data to or from the network. The method further comprises determining, for a given service, an interconnect node having an active status for establishment of a forwarding path including the interconnect node having the active status and an external link, wherein the determination is based on the respective status information assigned to the network interconnect nodes for the service.

Technique for establishing a forwarding path in a network system

A node and a method are described herein for computing forwarding trees to distribute traffic in a network. In addition, a network is described herein that has a plurality of nodes interconnected to one another by a plurality of network links, and each node is configured to perform multiple rounds of forwarding tree computations to distribute traffic load on one or more of the network links to the other nodes.

Node and method for computing forwarding trees to distribute traffic in a network

This document provides the overall architecture for Deterministic
Networking (DetNet), which provides a capability to carry specified
unicast or multicast data flows for real-time applications with
extremely low data loss rates and bounded latency within a network
domain. Techniques used include: 1) reserving data plane resources for
individual (or aggregated) DetNet flows in some or all of the
intermediate nodes along the path of the flow; 2) providing explicit
routes for DetNet flows that do not immediately change with the
network topology; and 3) distributing data from DetNet flow packets
over time and/or space to ensure delivery of each packet's data in
spite of the loss of a path. DetNet operates at the IP layer and
delivers service over lower layer technologies such as MPLS and IEEE
802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN).

Deterministic Networking Architecture

The presented idea is a cheap solution for audience monitoring in multicast capable networks e.g. Ethernet, IP or UMTS. There is no need for user equipment in order to monitor the viewers' watching behavior. The measurement is done in the operator's network; therefore, there is no need to contact the end user. The idea can be applied in systems comprising multicast capable network contention server, network devices and user equipment. The content is carried in data packets to the end user. The network devices are remote manageable. The user can choose between several contents. The aim is to measure the user statistics regarding the chosen content. According to the invention it is enough to place a measurement host with our proposed software block in the network, which collects data from the network devices in the edge of the network periodically in order to make a content access survey.

Method and device for audience monitoring on multicast capable networks

This article provides an overview of IEEE 802.1aq shortest path bridging and outlines some application scenarios that will benefit from the new capabilities SPB offers. SPB is built on the IEEE 802.1 standards, and inherits unaltered the existing OAM and data plane scalability enhancements, such as the MAC-in-MAC forwarding paradigm. SPB introduces link state control for bridge networks, thus improving control plane scalability, network bandwidth utilization, and control of the forwarding paths. Furthermore, SPB minimizes latency by forwarding frames on the shortest path. Network-wide load balancing is also supported by spreading the traffic on multiple equal cost paths in a user controllable manner. Thus, SPB provides enhanced control for Ethernet networks in metro, RAN backhaul, or data center environments.

János Farkas

Papers

Technique for establishing a forwarding path in a network system

Node and method for computing forwarding trees to distribute traffic in a network

Deterministic Networking Architecture

Method and device for audience monitoring on multicast capable networks

Shortest path bridging: Efficient control of larger ethernet networks