Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27, 1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse suggest t...

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Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons

Disruption of the mouse dopamine transporter gene results in spontaneous hyperlocomotion despite major adaptive changes, such as decreases in neurotransmitter and receptor levels. In homozygote mice, dopamine persists at least 100 times longer in the extracellular space, explaining the biochemical basis of the hyperdopaminergic phenotype and demonstrating the critical role of the transporter in regulating neurotransmission. The dopamine transporter is an obligatory target of cocaine and amphetamine, as these psychostimulants have no effect on locomotor activity or dopamine release and uptake in mice lacking the transporter.

Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter

3.6.1. Polishing and Cleaning 2663 3.6.2. Vacuum and Heat Treatments 2664 3.6.3. Carbon Electrode Activation 2665 3.7. Summary and Generalizations 2666 4. Advanced Carbon Electrode Materials 2666 4.1. Microfabricated Carbon Thin Films 2666 4.2. Boron-Doped Diamond for Electrochemistry 2668 4.3. Fibers and Nanotubes 2669 4.4. Carbon Composite Electrodes 2674 5. Carbon Surface Modification 2675 5.1. Diazonium Ion Reduction 2675 5.2. Thermal and Photochemical Modifications 2679 5.3. Amine and Carboxylate Oxidation 2680 5.4. Modification by “Click” Chemistry 2681 6. Synopsis and Outlook 2681 7. Acknowledgments 2682 8. References 2682

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Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry.

Mice Lacking α-Synuclein Display Functional Deficits in the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System

The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex

Principles of voltammetry and microelectrode surface states

Control of dopamine extracellular concentration in rat striatum by impulse flow and uptake

Dopamine and oxygen (O2) were measured in the caudate nucleus of anesthetized rats and in striatal slices during electrical stimulation. Simultaneous electrochemical detection of dopamine and O2 was accomplished with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at a Nafion-coated carbon-fiber microelectrode. Stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle resulted in synaptic overflow of dopamine in the caudate nucleus. At the same time, O2 concentration increased in the extracellular fluid with two separate phases. The amplitude of the initial increase directly correlated with the frequency of the stimulus, with the time of maximum concentration reproducible across a range of frequencies. The second increase occurred at later times with a more random amplitude and with a broad, variable shape. Agents which blocked vasodilation affected both phases: Atropine attenuated the initial increase, while the second feature was nearly absent after theophylline. Yohimbine and α-methyl-p-tyrosine did not affect the O2 responses. Local e...

Evoked neuronal activity accompanied by transmitter release increases oxygen concentration in rat striatum in vivo but not in vitro.

The small size of microelectrodes enables their use as sensors in biological systems of easily oxidized chemical substances. Carbon-fiber electrodes implanted in the brain can be used to examine the dynamic concentration changes of the neurotransmitter dopamine. In thin slices of brain tissue, the electrodes can be used to simultaneously detect neurotransmitter secretion and oxygen use. At single cells secretion processes can be resolve in real time.

Jayne B. Zimmerman

Papers

Principles of voltammetry and microelectrode surface states

Control of dopamine extracellular concentration in rat striatum by impulse flow and uptake

Evoked neuronal activity accompanied by transmitter release increases oxygen concentration in rat striatum in vivo but not in vitro.

Microelectrodes in Biological Systems