Correspondence Benjamin Gardner, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, King's College London, Room 2.11, Addison House, London SE1 1UL, UK. Email: benjamin.gardner@kcl.ac.uk Abstract Habitual behaviours are elicited when a familiar context activates cue-behaviour associations that have been learned through previous performance. A core hypothesis within habit theory is that, by virtue of its automaticity, habit weakens the impact of intention on action, such that in facilitating conditions, action will be guided more by habit than momentary intentions. This has led to recommendations that habit formation be harnessed as a mechanism for sustaining desirable behaviour over time, when people would otherwise relapse due to loss of motivation. This article reviews theory and evidence around the hypothesized interaction between habit and intention as determinants of behaviour. We first qualify the hypothesis by clarifying that it pertains only to determinants of the instigation of action, rather than execution. Next, drawing on a systematic review of 52 behaviour-prediction studies, we highlight mixed empirical support for the interaction. We argue that ostensibly inconsistent findings can be reconciled by recognizing the distinction between the direction and strength of intention, and identifying the “facilitating conditions” that may determine the relative influence of habit and intention on behaviour. Evidence demonstrates that when self-control is diminished, people act habitually regardless of intention direction or strength. When people possess self-control, DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12553

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/spc3.12553

Does habit weaken the relationship between intention and behaviour? Revisiting the habit‐intention interaction hypothesis

Teen Drivers’ Perceptions of Inattention and Cell Phone Use While Driving

Public transportation is relatively safe and secure, although less convenient than private modes of transport. However, current trends indicate that, by 2030, road traffic injuries will be the fifth leading cause of death globally. This study proposes an approach for identifying hidden contributors to traffic risk in the major metropolitan cities of Taiwan. Our purpose is to offer a comprehensive econometrical framework, using Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM), which highlights important contributors to traffic accident risk at different levels of injuries for public transportation. Four models underlying HLM are used to characterize the traffic accident risk. Our empirical results indicate that random intercept and random slope with interaction of HLM (model 4) is the best model. In addition, there are significant regional differences in traffic accident risk depending on the use of public and private transportation, the length of bus routes, daily average number of bus frequency per route, gender, driving habits, and behaviour. Results show that, when the length of bus routes increases by 50% in a city with well-developed infrastructure, such as Taipei, the accident risk would reduce the crash risk from 1.66 to 1.43 (decreases by 0.23), corresponding to 3450 casualties, and the total accident expense can be reduced by NT$ 1 3 billion. If daily average number of bus frequency per route in Taichung increases by 50%, there are almost 3000 fewer casualties, and the accident expense decreases by NT$9.6 billion. The results of this study provide suggestions to the government that developing public transportation can effectively decrease road traffic accident risk and accident expense.

Using HLM to investigate the relationship between traffic accident risk of private vehicles and public transportation

Traffic violations by young riders are major safety problems in motorcycle dominated countries. This study investigates young motorcyclist’s red light running (RLR) intentions and behavior based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. Behavioral, normative, and control beliefs underlying rider’s RLR are identified. Young riders (N = 246) complete a TPB questionnaire measuring direct and beliefs-based measurement items. The exploratory factor analysis technique reveals factors according to TPB. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) results show moderate to good fits to the observed data and provide qualified support for the utility of TPB in explaining traffic violation behavior. The findings reveal that perceived norm and attitude dominate violation intentions. Beliefs about normative referents and negative outcomes affect RLR intentions. Intentions affect behavior, especially when riders lack of perceived autonomy. Rider’s degree of control is affected by the beliefs about facilitating circumstances and weather conditions. Besides, perceived autonomy and perceived capacity each influence violation intention and behavior independently. Implications for young motorcyclist safety interventions based on current findings are discussed.

Red light running by young motorcyclists: Factors and beliefs influencing intentions and behavior

Peu de recherches se sont interessees a la scolarite des enfants confies a une famille d’accueil. A de rares exceptions pres, quand la scolarite est abordee dans les etudes, elle est analysee sous le versant des difficultes scolaires et de l’echec scolaire mais rarement en termes de reussite. Or, certains enfants confies a une famille d’accueil s’accrochent a l’ecole et perseverent dans leur scolarite jusqu’a l’obtention d’un niveau scolaire equivalent au moins au baccalaureat. Afin de comprendre les raisons de cet accrochage scolaire, nous interrogeons la question de la suppleance familiale en famille d’accueil et comment ce nouvel environnement « offert » a l’enfant redistribue les cartes du determinisme social. Grâce aux temoignages de quarante personnes (jeunes et familles d’accueil), nous analysons les facteurs de protection qui permettent a ces jeunes de poursuivre leur scolarite malgre la presence de facteurs de risque dans leur parcours de vie. Nous etudions les rapports entre l’enfant confie, sa famille d’accueil et ses educateurs notamment concernant la facon de gerer la question scolaire. L’accueil familial permet dans certains cas, a certains jeunes, de developper des liens forts avec une figure affective aux yeux de laquelle la scolarite est importante ce qui semble influencer la trajectoire scolaire des jeunes confies.

/pdf/l-accrochage-scolaire-des-jeunes-confies-a-une-famille-d-1pdwa1vw3g.pdf

L'accrochage scolaire des jeunes confiés à une famille d'accueil : une réussite atypique au regard des parcours de vie

This study addresses the socio-cognitive determinants of traffic offences, in particular of speeding and drinking and driving. It has two aims: (1) to test the hypothesis of a direct effect of habits on offences (i.e., independent of intentions) by employing a specific measure of habits (i.e., the SRIH) and (2) to analyse the offences by taking account of three distinct parameters: Frequency, usual magnitude (i.e., the most frequent deviation from the law) and maximal magnitude (i.e., the greatest deviation occasionally adopted) in order to represent more accurately the variability of the offending behaviours. A total of 642 drivers replied to a questionnaire. The results corroborate the idea that intention and habit are distinct and direct determinants of offences. The use of the SRIH dismisses the criticisms made with regard to the measure of past behaviour. The distinction between the three behavioural parameters proves to be relevant, as their determinants are not exactly similar. Finally, attitude and subjective norm had direct effects on the maximal magnitude and/or on the frequency of the offence. The discussion concerns the contribution of this study to the analysis of offences as well as its limitations and addresses the theoretical plausibility of the direct effects of attitude and the subjective norm.

Traffic offences: planned or habitual? Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and habit strength to explain frequency and magnitude of speeding and driving under the influence of alcohol

We consider road safety interventions to be potential sources of social influence, altering the intentions and behaviors of drivers when they are perceived by the latter as effective. We also consider that perceiving their effectiveness depends on drivers’ self-consciousness. 852 drivers replied to a questionnaire measuring dispositional self-consciousness, the perception of the effectiveness of 10 road safety interventions, and reported intentions and behaviors related to speeding and drinking and driving. The results revealed several phenomena: (1) interventions were perceived as related to penalty/surveillance or social communication (factor analysis); (2) the former were perceived as more effective than the latter; (3) the perceived effectiveness of road safety interventions was moderately correlated with intentions and behaviors; (4) this link was stronger for interventions of the penalty/surveillance type; (5) age, level of education, frequency of use of a vehicle and gender were moderately associated with the perception of these interventions; (6) self-consciousness (in particular its public dimension) had an additional positive association with this perceived effectiveness. These results are discussed from a practical and methodological point of view.

http://psychologie.univ-fcomte.fr/download/section-psychologie/document/pdf/auzoult--lheureux-et-al.--2015----the-perceived-effectiveness-of-road-safety-interventions.pdf

The Perceived Effectiveness of Road Safety Interventions: Regulation of Drivers’ Behavioral Intentions and Self-Consciousness

Cette these a pour point de depart l'etude croisee de deux thematiques de recherche. La premiere concerne l'effet des affects sur les comportements agressifs. Ces travaux ont mis en evidence l'influence des affects dans l'adoption de comportements agressifs. La deuxieme thematique renvoie aux theories de la justice et de l'injustice. Ces dernieres postulent que l'agression est une reponse comportementale de l'individu a un environnement injuste. Du rapprochement de ces deux courants, nous avons emis l'hypothese qu'un affect precis, le sentiment d'injustice subie, compare au sentiment de non-injustice subie, favorise les comportements agressifs. Quatre experiences ont ete realisees dans le but de mettre a l'epreuve cette prevision. Celles-ci avaient egalement pour objectif de mesurer l'effet du sentiment d'injustice subie sur les croyances en la legitimite de la violence. . .

Le sentiment d'injustice subie : un nouveau regard sur l'agression

L’objectif de cette contribution est de montrer en quelle mesure l’intervention psychosociologique peut beneficier d’une analyse du travail reel dans le cadre d’interventions aupres de groupes, d’equipes ou d’institutions ayant pour particularite de constituer la relation a l’autre comme le fondement meme de leurs activites. La prise en compte du travail reel est envisagee d’abord dans le cadre de pratiques professionnelles ne profitant pas d’une elaboration collective etablie, ensuite dans le cadre d’un travail pluridisciplinaire. Enfin, pour terminer, on interroge dans ce contexte le positionnement singulier d’une psychosociologie clinique au regard des situations de travail et des valeurs qu’elle cherche a y promouvoir.

https://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=NRP_001_101&download=1

Jean-Pierre Minary

Papers

Traffic offences: planned or habitual? Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and habit strength to explain frequency and magnitude of speeding and driving under the influence of alcohol

The Perceived Effectiveness of Road Safety Interventions: Regulation of Drivers’ Behavioral Intentions and Self-Consciousness

Le sentiment d'injustice subie : un nouveau regard sur l'agression

Collectifs et cadres de travail dans les impossibles métiers de la relation à l'autre

Evaluating situations in child welfare: From tools to workgroups