The energy performance in buildings is influenced by many factors, such as ambient weather conditions, building structure and characteristics, the operation of sub-level components like lighting and HVAC systems, occupancy and their behavior. This complex situation makes it very difficult to accurately implement the prediction of building energy consumption. This paper reviews recently developed models for solving this problem, which include elaborate and simplified engineering methods, statistical methods and artificial intelligence methods. Previous research work concerning these models and relevant applications are introduced. Based on the analysis of previous work, further prospects are proposed for additional research reference.

A review on the prediction of building energy consumption

Vertical-borehole ground-coupled heat pumps: A review of models and systems

An analytical solution of the transient temperature response in a semi-infinite medium with a line source of finite length has been derived, which is a more appropriate model for boreholes in geothermal heat exchangers, especially for their long-duration operation. The steady-state temperature distribution has also been obtained as a limit of this solution. An erratic approach to this problem that appears in some handbooks and textbooks is indicated. Two representative steady-state borehole wall temperatures, the middle point temperature and the integral mean temperature, are defined. Differences between them are compared, and concise expressions for both are presented for engineering applications. On this basis the influence of the annual imbalance between heating and cooling loads of the geothermal heat exchangers is discussed regarding their long-term performance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(7): 558–567, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10057

A finite line‐source model for boreholes in geothermal heat exchangers

General review of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling of buildings

Heat transfer analysis of boreholes in vertical ground heat exchangers

Preface About the Authors Symbols 1. Introduction 1-1 Historical Notes 1-2 Common HVAC Units and Dimensions 1-3 Fundamental Physical Concepts 1-4 Additional Comments References Problems 2. Air-Conditioning Systems 2-1 The Complete System 2-2 System Selection and Arrangement 2-3 HVAC Components and Distribution Systems 2-4 Types of All-Air Systems 2-5 Air-and-Water Systems 2-6 All-Water Systems 2-7 Decentralized Cooling and Heating 2-8 Heat Pump Systems 2-9 Heat Recovery Systems 2-10 Thermal Energy Storage References Problems 3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes 3-1 Moist Air and the Standard Atmosphere 3-2 Fundamental Parameters 3-3 Adiabatic Saturation 3-4 Wet Bulb Temperature and the Psychrometric Chart 3-5 Classic Moist Air Processes 3-6 Space Air Conditioning Design Conditions 3-7 Space Air Conditioning Off-Design Conditions References Problems 4. Comfort and Health Indoor Environmental Quality 4-1 Comfort Physiological Considerations 4-2 Environmental Comfort Indices 4-3 Comfort Conditions 4-4 The Basic Concerns of IAQ 4-5 Common Contaminants 4-6 Methods to Control Humidity 4-7 Methods to Control Contaminants References Problems 5. Heat Transmission in Building Structures 5-1 Basic Heat-Transfer Modes 5-2 Tabulated Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients 5-3 Moisture Transmission References Problems 6. Space Heating Load 6-1 Outdoor Design Conditions 6-2 Indoor Design Conditions 6-3 Transmission Heat Losses 6-4 Infiltration 6-5 Heat Losses from Air Ducts 6-6 Auxiliary Heat Sources 6-7 Intermittently Heated Structures 6-8 Supply Air For Space Heating 6-9 Source Media for Space Heating 6-10 Computer Calculation of Heating Loads References Problems 7. Solar Radiation 7-1 Thermal Radiation 7-2 The Earth's Motion About the Sun 7-3 Time 7-4 Solar Angles 7-5 Solar Irradiation 7-6 Heat Gain Through Fenestrations 7-7 Energy Calculations References Problems 8. The Cooling Load 8-1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate 8-2 Application of Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 8-3 Design Conditions 8-4 Internal Heat Gains 8-5 Overview of the Heat Balance Method 8-6 Transient Conduction Heat Transfer 8-7 Outside Surface Heat Balance Opaque Surfaces 8-8 Fenestration Transmitted Solar Radiation 8-9 Interior Surface Heat Balance Opaque Surfaces 8-10 Surface Heat Balance Transparent Surfaces 8-11 Zone Air Heat Balance 8-12 Implementation of the Heat Balance Method 8-13 Radiant Time Series Method 8-14 Implementation of the Radiant Time Series Method 8-15 Supply Air Quantities References Problems 9. Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 9-1 Degree-Day Procedure 9-2 Bin Method 9-3 Comprehensive Simulation Methods 9-4 Energy Calculation Tools 9-5 Other Aspects of Building Simulation References Problems 10. Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design 10-1 Fluid Flow Basics 10-2 Centrifugal Pumps 10-3 Combined System and Pump Characteristics 10-4 Piping System Fundamentals 10-5 System Design 10-6 Steam Heating Systems References Problems 11. Space Air Diffusion 11-1 Behavior of Jets 11-2 Air-Distribution System Design References Problems 12. Fans and Building Air Distribution 12-1 Fans 12-2 Fan Relations 12-3 Fan Performance and Selection 12-4 Fan Installation 12-5 Field Performance Testing 12-6 Fans and Variable-Air-Volume Systems 12-7 Air Flow in Ducts 12-8 Air Flow in Fittings 12-9 Accessories 12-10 Duct Design General 12-11 Duct Design Sizing References Problems 13. Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer 13-1 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 13-2 Spray Chambers 13-3 Cooling Towers References Problems 14. Extended Surface Heat Exchangers 14-1 The Log Mean Temperature Deficiency (LMTD) Method 14-2 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method 14-3 Heat Transfer-Single-Component Fluids 14-4 Transport Coefficients Inside Tubes 14-5 Transport Coefficients Outside Tubes and Compact Surfaces 14-6 Design Procedures for Sensible Heat Transfer 14-7 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer References Problems 15. Refrigeration 15-1 The Performance of Refrigeration Systems 15-2 The Theoretical Single-Stage Compression Cycle 15-3 Refrigerants 15-4 Refrigeration Equipment Components 15-5 The Real Single-Stage Cycle 15-6 Absorption Refrigeration 15-7 The Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System 15-8 The Aqua-Ammonia Absorption System 15-9 The Lithium Bromide-Water System References Problems Appendix A. Thermophysical Properties Table A-1a. Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water-Steam) English Units Table A-1b. Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water-Steam) SI Units Table A-2a. Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) English Units Table A-2b. Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) SI Units Table A-3a. Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) English Units Table A-3b. Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) SI Units Table A-4a. Air English Units Table A-4b. Air SI Units Appendix B. Weather Data Table B-1a. Heating and Cooling Design Conditions United States, Canada, and the World English Units Table B-1b. Heating and Cooling Design Conditions United States, Canada, and the World SI Units Table B-2. Annual BinWeather Data for Oklahoma City,OK Table B-3. Annual Bin Weather Data for Chicago, IL Table B-4. Annual Bin Weather Data for Denver, CO Table B-5. Annual Bin Weather Data for Washington, DC Appendix C. Pipe and Tube Data Table C-1. Steel Pipe Dimensions English and SI Units Table C-2. Type L Copper Tube Dimensions English and SI Units Appendix D. Useful Data Table D-1. Conversion Factors Appendix E: Charts Chart 1a. ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) Chart 1b. ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) Chart 1Ha. ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 4 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) Chart 1Hb. ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 6 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) Chart 2. Enthalpy-concentration diagram for ammonia-water solutions (From Unit Operations by G. G. Brown, Copyright (c)1951 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) Chart 3. Pressure-enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 134a (Reprinted by permission.) Chart 4. Pressure-enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 22 (Reprinted by permission.) Chart 5. Enthalpy-concentration diagram for Lithium Bromide-water solutions (Courtesy of Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago IL.) Index

Jerald D. Parker

Papers

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design

Design/data manual for closed-loop ground-coupled he at pump systems

Design-Data Manual for Closed-Loop Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems