C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning (書評)

Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) measures the meaning similarity of sentences. Applications include machine translation (MT), summarization, generation, question answering (QA), short answer grading, semantic search, dialog and conversational systems. The STS shared task is a venue for assessing the current state-of-the-art. The 2017 task focuses on multilingual and cross-lingual pairs with one sub-track exploring MT quality estimation (MTQE) data. The task obtained strong participation from 31 teams, with 17 participating in all language tracks. We summarize performance and review a selection of well performing methods. Analysis highlights common errors, providing insight into the limitations of existing models. To support ongoing work on semantic representations, the STS Benchmark is introduced as a new shared training and evaluation set carefully selected from the corpus of English STS shared task data (2012-2017).

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SemEval-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity - Multilingual and Cross-lingual Focused Evaluation

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SemEval-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity Multilingual and Crosslingual Focused Evaluation

Methods for document clustering and topic modelling in online social networks (OSNs) offer a means of categorising, annotating and making sense of large volumes of user generated content. Many techniques have been developed over the years, ranging from text mining and clustering methods to latent topic models and neural embedding approaches. However, many of these methods deliver poor results when applied to OSN data as such text is notoriously short and noisy, and often results are not comparable across studies. In this study we evaluate several techniques for document clustering and topic modelling on three datasets from Twitter and Reddit. We benchmark four different feature representations derived from term-frequency inverse-document-frequency (tf-idf) matrices and word embedding models combined with four clustering methods, and we include a Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model for comparison. Several different evaluation measures are used in the literature, so we provide a discussion and recommendation for the most appropriate extrinsic measures for this task. We also demonstrate the performance of the methods over data sets with different document lengths. Our results show that clustering techniques applied to neural embedding feature representations delivered the best performance over all data sets using appropriate extrinsic evaluation measures. We also demonstrate a method for interpreting the clusters with a top-words based approach using tf-idf weights combined with embedding distance measures.

An evaluation of document clustering and topic modelling in two online social networks: Twitter and Reddit

Recent works in spoken language translation (SLT) have attempted to build end-to-end speech-to-text translation without using source language transcription during learning or decoding. However, while large quantities of parallel texts (such as Europarl, OpenSubtitles) are available for training machine translation systems, there are no large (>100h) and open source parallel corpora that include speech in a source language aligned to text in a target language. This paper tries to fill this gap by augmenting an existing (monolingual) corpus: LibriSpeech. This corpus, used for automatic speech recognition, is derived from read audiobooks from the LibriVox project, and has been carefully segmented and aligned. After gathering French e-books corresponding to the English audio-books from LibriSpeech, we align speech segments at the sentence level with their respective translations and obtain 236h of usable parallel data. This paper presents the details of the processing as well as a manual evaluation conducted on a small subset of the corpus. This evaluation shows that the automatic alignments scores are reasonably correlated with the human judgments of the bilingual alignment quality. We believe that this corpus (which is made available online) is useful for replicable experiments in direct speech translation or more general spoken language translation experiments.

Augmenting Librispeech with French Translations: A Multimodal Corpus for Direct Speech Translation Evaluation

This paper proposes to use distributed representation of words (word embeddings) in cross-language textual similarity detection. The main contributions of this paper are the following: (a) we introduce new cross-language similarity detection methods based on distributed representation of words; (b) we combine the different methods proposed to verify their complementarity and finally obtain an overall F 1 score of 89.15% for English-French similarity detection at chunk level (88.5% at sentence level) on a very challenging corpus.

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Using Word Embedding for Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection

In this paper we describe our effort to create a dataset for the evaluation of cross-language textual similarity detection. We present pre-existing corpora and their limits and we explain the various gathered resources to overcome these limits and build our enriched dataset. The proposed dataset is multilingual, includes cross-language alignment for different granularities (from chunk to document), is based on both parallel and comparable corpora and contains human and machine translated texts. Moreover, it includes texts written by multiple types of authors (from average to professionals). With the obtained dataset, we conduct a systematic and rigorous evaluation of several state-of-the-art cross-language textual similarity detection methods. The evaluation results are reviewed and discussed. Finally, dataset and scripts are made publicly available on GitHub: http://github.com/FerreroJeremy/Cross-Language-Dataset.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01303135/document

A Multilingual, Multi-Style and Multi-Granularity Dataset for Cross-Language Textual Similarity Detection

Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) is an important component in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, and plays an important role in diverse areas such as information retrieval, machine translation, information extraction and plagiarism detection. In this paper we propose two word embedding-based approaches devoted to measuring the semantic similarity between Arabic-English cross-language sentences. The main idea is to exploit Machine Translation (MT) and an improved word embedding representations in order to capture the syntactic and semantic properties of words. MT is used to translate English sentences into Arabic language in order to apply a classical monolingual comparison. Afterwards, two word embedding-based methods are developed to rate the semantic similarity. Additionally, Words Alignment (WA), Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) and Part-of-Speech (POS) weighting are applied on the examined sentences to support the identification of words that are most descriptive in each sentence. The performances of our approaches are evaluated on a cross-language dataset containing more than 2400 Arabic-English pairs of sentence. Moreover, the proposed methods are confirmed through the Pearson correlation between our similarity scores and human ratings.

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Word Embedding-Based Approaches for Measuring Semantic Similarity of Arabic-English Sentences

This article describes our proposed system named LIM-LIG. This system is designed for SemEval 2017 Task1: Semantic Textual Similarity (Track1). LIM-LIG proposes an innovative enhancement to word embedding-based model devoted to measure the semantic similarity in Arabic sentences. The main idea is to exploit the word representations as vectors in a multidimensional space to capture the semantic and syntactic properties of words. IDF weighting and Part-of-Speech tagging are applied on the examined sentences to support the identification of words that are highly descriptive in each sentence. LIM-LIG system achieves a Pearson’s correlation of 0.74633, ranking 2nd among all participants in the Arabic monolingual pairs STS task organized within the SemEval 2017 evaluation campaign

/pdf/lim-lig-at-semeval-2017-task1-enhancing-the-semantic-1t90wusrxg.pdf

LIM-LIG at SemEval-2017 Task1: Enhancing the Semantic Similarity for Arabic Sentences with Vectors Weighting

This paper proposes to use distributed representation of words (word embeddings) in cross-language textual similarity detection. The main contributions of this paper are the following: (a) we introduce new cross-language similarity detection methods based on distributed representation of words; (b) we combine the different methods proposed to verify their complementarity and finally obtain an overall F1 score of 89.15% for English-French similarity detection at chunk level (88.5% at sentence level) on a very challenging corpus.

Jérémy Ferrero

Papers

Using Word Embedding for Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection

A Multilingual, Multi-Style and Multi-Granularity Dataset for Cross-Language Textual Similarity Detection

Word Embedding-Based Approaches for Measuring Semantic Similarity of Arabic-English Sentences

LIM-LIG at SemEval-2017 Task1: Enhancing the Semantic Similarity for Arabic Sentences with Vectors Weighting

UsingWord Embedding for Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection