In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.

/pdf/the-moderator-mediator-variable-distinction-in-social-2bmijritn2.pdf

The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.

The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more dependable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived selfefficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.

Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.

https://dradamvolungis.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/self-efficacy-unifying-theory-of-behavioral-change-bandura-1977.pdf

Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change☆☆☆

This article addresses the centrality of the self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Self-per- cepts of efficacy influence thought patterns, actions, and emotional arousal. In causal tests the higher the level of induced self-efficacy, the higher the perfor- mance accomplishments and the lower the emotional arousal. Different lines of research are reviewed, show- ing that the self-efficacy mechanism may have wide explanatory power. Perceived self-efficacy helps to ac- count for such diverse phenomena as changes in coping behavior produced by different modes of influence, level of physiological stress reactions, self-regulation of refractory behavior, resignation and despondency to failure experiences, self-debilitating effects of proxy control and illusory inefficaciousness, achievement strivings, growth of intrinsic interest, and career pur- suits. The influential role of perceived collective effi- cacy in social change is analyzed, as are the social con- ditions conducive to development of collective inefficacy. Psychological theorizing and research tend to cen- ter on issues concerning either acquisition of knowledge or execution of response patterns. As a result the processes governing the interrelation- ship between knowledge and action have been largely neglected (Newell, 1978). Some of the re- cent efforts to bridge this gap have been directed at the biomechanics problem—how efferent com- mands of action plans guide the production of ap- propriate response patterns (Stelmach, 1976,1978). Others have approached the matter in terms of algorithmic knowledge, which furnishes guides for executing action sequences (Greeno, 1973; Newell, 1973). ,

/pdf/self-efficacy-mechanism-in-human-agency-e3xanyzskl.pdf

Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency

A circumplex model of affect

The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449). Since we are aware of a variety of feeling and emotion states, it should follow from James' proposition that the various emotions will be accompanied by a variety of differentiable bodily states. Following James' pronouncement, a formidable number of studies were undertaken in search of the physiological differentiators of the emotions. The results, in these early days, were almost uniformly negative. All of the emotional states experi-

http://faculty.uncfsu.edu/tvancantfort/Syllabi/Gresearch/Readings/A_Schachter1.pdf

Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.

The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that \"the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion\" (p. 449). Since we are aware of a variety of feeling and emotion states, it should follow from James' proposition that the various emotions will be accompanied by a variety of differentiable bodily states. Following James' pronouncement, a formidable number of studies were undertaken in search of the physiological differentiators of the emotions. The results, in these early days, were almost uniformly negative. All of the emotional states experi-

"Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state": Erratum

T.A. Revenson, Introduction. Part 1. Overarching Frameworks and Paradigms. H. Leventhal, S. Bodnar-Deren, J.Y. Breland, J. Hash-Converse, L.A. Phillips, E.A. Leventhal, L.D. Cameron, Modeling Health and Illness Behavior: The Approach of the Common Sense Model. J.R. Jennings, V. Egizio, How Psychophysiology Contributes to Health Psychology. A. Luegey Dougall, A. Baum, Stress, Health and Illness. M.F. Scheier, C.S. Carver, G.H. Armstrong, Behavioral Self-regulation, Health and Illness. K. Glanz, M.C. Kegler, Processes of Health Behavior Change. L.S. Aiken, M.A. Gerend, K.M. Jackson, K.W. Ranby, Subjective Risk and Health Protective Behavior: Prevention and Early Detection. Part 2. Cross-cutting Issues. D. Turk, H.D. Wilson, K.S. Swanson, Psychological and Physiological Bases of Chronic Pain. J. Smyth, J.W. Pennebaker, D. Arigo, What are the Health Effects of Disclosure? T.A. Revenson, S.J. Lepore, Coping in Social Context. M.A. Hoyt, A. Stanton, Adjustment to Chronic Illness. S.I. McClelland, Measuring Sexual Quality of Life: Ten Recommendations for Health Psychologists. J Dunbar-Jacob, E. Schlenk, M. McCall, Patient Adherence to Treatment Regimens. L.M. Martire, R. Schulz, Caregiving and Care-receiving in Later Life: Health Effects and Promising Interventions. Part 3. Risk and Protective Factors. N.E. Grunberg, S. Shafer Berger, A.K. Starosciak, Tobacco Use: Psychology, Neurobiology, and Clinical Implication. R. Wing, S. Phelan, Obesity. G. Brassington, E.B. Hekler, Z. Cohen, A.C. King, Health Enhancing Physical Activity. T.W. Smith, L.C. Gallo, S. Shivpuri, A.L. Brewer, Personality and Health: Current Issues and Emerging Perspectives. C. Park, Meaning, Spirituality, and Growth: Protective and Resilience Factors in Health and Illness. C. Dunkel Schetter, M. Lobel, Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Multi-level Analysis of Prenatal Maternal Stress and Birth Weight. T. Wills, M.G. Ainette, Social Networks and Social Support. M.A. Alderfer, C.M. Stanley, Health and Illness in the Context of the Family. Part 4. Macro-level and Structural Influences on Health. V.S. Helgeson, Gender and Health: A Social Psychological Perspective. J.M. Ruiz, C.C. Prather, P. Steffen, Socioeconomic Status and Health. E. Brondolo, S. Lackey, E. Love, Race and Health: Racial Disparities in Hypertension and Links Between Racism and Health. I.H. Meyer, The Health of Sexual Minorities. I. Siegler, M.F. Elias, H.B. Bosworth, Aging and Health. Part 5. Applications of Health Psychology. J.D. Betensky, R.J. Contrada, D.C. Glass, Psychosocial Factors in Cardiovascular Disease: Emotional States, Conditions, and Attributes. S.P. Newman, S.P. Hirani, J. Stygall, T. Fteropoulli, Treatment in Cardiovascular Disease. N. Schneiderman, K. Orth-Gomer, Randomized Clinical Trials: Psychosocial-behavioral Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease. L.A. Faul, P.B. Jacobsen, Psychosocial Interventions for People with Cancer. A.L. Marsland, E.A. Bachen, S. Cohen, Stress, Immunity and Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infectious Disease. S. Danoff-Burg, A.H. Seawell, Psychological Processes in Rheumatic Disease. M.H. Antoni, A.W. Carrico, Psychological and Bio-behavioral Processes in HIV Disease. V. Mays, R.M. Maas, J. Ricks, S.D. Cochran, HIV and African American Women in the U.S. South: A Social Determinants Approach to Population-level HIV Prevention and Intervention Efforts.

Handbook of health psychology

Urban stress : experiments on noise and social stressors

Preference overview of health psychology physiological bases of behaviour and health stress control and learned helplessness cardiovascular disorders and behaviour psycho-neuroimmunology, cancer and AIDS psychophysiological disorders - psychological factors affecting medical conditions health care and patient behaviour psycholigical assessment in medical settings cognitive-behavioural treatment techniques in medical settings pain and management appetitive and addictive behaviours - obesity, smoking and alcoholism prevention and health promotion.

Jerome E. Singer

Papers

Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.

"Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state": Erratum

Handbook of health psychology

Urban stress : experiments on noise and social stressors

An Introduction to Health Psychology