This research thus deals with the empirical overview of the psychological sources of stress in sport. The aim of the research is to determine which of the listed sources is stress-inducing, as well as how often athletes perceive them as stress-inducing. The secondary aim is to determine the existence of correlation between the identified sources of stress and the stress levels of the subjects. The subject sample comprises of 361 athletes (202 football players and 159 swimmers) from the territory of Vojvodina, of different age (AS 17,59; SD 5), of both genders, with different competitive levels. The sample of clubs was chosen intentionally, while the athletes within the clubs were chosen randomly. The variable sample comprises of 27 items for the identification of the psychological levels of stress in sport, as well as the level of stress represented as a scalar score. Majority of the listed stressors are perceived as more or less frequent by the subjects. The stress levels on the basis of the complete sample were determined as moderate. By applying a correlation analysis, it was proven that there is a high significant relationship (sig. =,000; sig=,005) between the stress levels and the majority of variables which represent the psychological stress sources. Through research, it has been confirmed that sport has the potential of being extremely stressful. There are many situations that can become stress-inducing: the audience’s reaction, quarantine, off season time, signing of a transfer, difficult trainings, monotonous and boring trainings, training conditions, the influence of media, not being selected by the coach to play, bad communication with the coach, lack of support from close ones, inability to coordinate trainings with school. Whether they become stress-inducing or not depends on the subject’s subjective evaluation of the situation, as well as the evaluation of the sufficiency of one’s own potentials to overcome the demands of those situations. The importance of individualization when working with athletes is once more emphasized through research, but it also suggests the situations to which one should pay special attention while working with them. Keywords: sources of stress, sport, the level of stress

Identifying sources of stress in footballers and swimmers of both genders at different competition levels

Re-evaluating athlete burnout in pre-elite, adolescent athletes: An Australian experience. Power point slides

IntroductionCurrently, there is great concern to provide adequate working conditions not only for the sake of productivity but also for the health, quality of life, and future of workers. Thus, occupational stress, which may have negative effects on health, well-being, and job performance, is a recent topic of study (Maslach & Leiter, 2008; Sarafino, 2008; Taylor, 2009).Maslach and Jackson (1981, p. 99) defined burnout as \"a syndrome of emotional exhaustion and cynicism that occurs frequently among individuals who do human service work\". When people feel burnt out, they believe that they have exhausted their psychological resources and developed cynical and negative attitudes toward others and a negative view of themselves. Therefore, \"workers feel unhappy about themselves and dissatisfied with their accomplishments on the job\" (Maslach & Jackson, 1981, p. 99). Furthermore, burnout appears to be correlated \"...with various self-reported indices of personal distress, including physical exhaustion, insomnia, increased use of alcohol and drugs, and marital and family problems\" (Maslach & Jackson, 1981, p. 100).Burnout characteristics in athletes are similar to those experienced by professionals who work in direct and frequent contact with other people and involve the perception that personal resources are insufficient or inadequate to cope with stress. As a result, people develop negative attitudes, behaviors, and feelings that lead to practical and emotional problems in the workplace. Many authors consider the several reports of elite athletes who abandon their sport at the peak of their careers to be examples of the effects of the excessive stress in sports (Arce, Francisco, Andrade, Arce & Raedeke, 2010; Hill & Appleton, 2011; Ivarsson, 2008; Raedeke, 1997; Lemyre, Roberts & Stray-Gundersen, 2007; Lemyre, Hall & Roberts, 2008).Burnout in sports is primarily considered to be a response to chronic stress characterized by performance decreases, sport devaluation, and physical and emotional exhaustion. Media reports of the \"negative sport experiences of a series of high-profile athletes\" (Cresswell & Eklund, 2006a, p. 219) have stimulated research interest in this subject. In turn, these researchers have proposed that the negative experiences of these athletes are similar to the burnout in other professions (Cresswell & Eklund, 2006a; 2006b).Professional exhaustion in athletes has three key aspects: 1) emotional and physical exhaustion due to the excessive demands imposed by training sessions and competition; 2) a reduced sense of self-realization accompanied by the perception that objectives are unattainable; and 3) devaluation and a lack of interest in the sport (Raedeke, 1997; Lemyre, Hall & Roberts, 2008; Gustafsson, Hassmen, Kentta & Johansson, 2008).With regard to the three burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and dissatisfaction with one's performance), depersonalization appears to be least applicable to athletes due to the contextual differences between sports and the service industry. Given that depersonalization assesses devaluation and indifference toward one's career, it may measure the development of negative attitudes towards sports involvement in athletes (Raedeke, 1997).Although the relationship between athletes and coaches is important, it does not seem to be the determining factor for burnout. Therefore, sports burnout must be defined in terms of the key element of their jobs: performance (Raedeke, 1997). Professional exhaustion in athletes may be due to training and competition demands as well as associated with the perception of poor performance regarding skills and achievements (Hill & Appleton, 2011; Kimberley, Bartholomew, Ntoumanis, Ryan, Jos, Bosch & Thogersen-Ntoumani, 2011; Raedeke, 1997). However, social support seems to be an important factor in protecting athletes from burnout (Cresswell, 2009). …

Burnout and playing position: a study of Brazilian soccer players

Análise psicofisiológica em simulação de combate competitivo de artes marciais mistas

O objetivo foi analisar a relacao entre a restricao alimentar, os sintomas de bulimia e os sentimentos de burnout A amostra foi composta por 328 atletas do sexo Utilizaram-se as subescalas do Eating Attitudes Test para avaliar restricao alimentar e sintomas de bulimia Utilizou-se o Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) para avaliar os sentimentos de burnout A restricao alimentar demonstrou relacao com a exaustao fisica e emocional (r=0,22) e desvalorizacao da modalidade esportiva (r=0,24), fato nao revelado para o reduzido senso de realizacao esportiva Os sintomas de bulimia indicaram relacao significante com todas as subescalas do ABQ (p<0,05) Concluiu-se que a restricao alimentar e os sintomas de bulimia revelaram relacao com alguns sentimentos de burnout

A restrição alimentar e os sintomas de bulimia estão relacionados aos sentimentos de burnout em atletas de esportes coletivos

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the indicators of burnout, to determine whether playing position affects the perception of syndrome dimensions, and to identify burnout prevalence in professional football players Methods: The participants were 100 professional football players (mean age 243 ± 46 years and meantime as a professional athlete of 92 ± 45 years) who were divided into three groups: 27 forwards, 34 midfielders, and 39 defenders The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied Results: The results show that a) the majority of athletes had low burnout indicators, b) there was no difference in the perception of burnout dimensions by playing position, and c) the prevalence of athletes with burnout, whether mild, moderate, or severe, was 13% Conclusion: The variable of playing position was not a determinant of perception of burnout dimensions among the forwards, midfielders, and defenders Nonetheless, the prevalence of burnout deserves attention, as the negative effects of this syndrome may exert impacts on health, well-being, and sports performance, making athletes more likely to abandon their sport

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Prevalence of burnout syndrome and perception by playing position in professional football players

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar se o tempo de prática como atleta federado influencia a percepção das dimensões da síndrome de burnout em esportes de combate. A amostra foi composta por 36 atletas, todos do sexo masculino, praticantes de modalidades esportivas de combate. O instrumento utilizado foi o Questionário de Burnout para Atletas (QBA). Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados mostraram que os atletas estão em condições desejáveis do ponto de vista psicofisiológico. A dimensão exaustão física e emocional apresentou os menores indicadores (1,4), sendo significativamente menor quando comparada à dimensão reduzido senso de realização esportiva (2,0) (p=0.004), indicando a ausência de sobrecarga psicofisiológica. No entanto, ao considerarmos o tempo de prática dos participantes, a dimensão reduzido senso de realização esportiva foi significativamente maior nos atletas menos experientes (p=0,02). Portanto, atletas menos experientes apresentaram os maiores indicadores nesta dimensão, o que demanda cuidado no estabelecimento de metas nos anos iniciais para os atletas de modalidades esportivas de combate.

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Síndrome de burnout e tempo de prática em atletas de esportes de combate

A relação entre as variáveis psicológicas e sua influência no contexto esportivo tem sido objeto de estudo para a psicologia do esporte. Dentre os aspectos psicológicos que podem influenciar o desempenho esportivo de um atleta está a ansiedade competitiva. No entanto, ainda não há um consenso em relação à percepção da ansiedade competitiva no vôlei e o efeito da variável sexo. Diante disto, os objetivos do estudo foram: 1) identificar as dimensões de ansiedade (ansiedade cognitiva, ansiedade somática e autoconfiança) mais percebidas entre os atletas amadores de vôlei nos seus níveis de resposta intensidade, direção e frequência e 2) analisar o efeito da variável sexo na percepção das dimensões da ansiedade. Participaram do estudo 62 atletas amadores de voleibol, sendo 25 homens e 37 mulheres que disputaram o Campeonato Intermunicipal de Voleibol, rodada válida pela fase classificatória. Os participantes responderam a versão em idioma português do questionário Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (CSAI-2R), composto por 16 itens que medem as três dimensões da ansiedade: Ansiedade cognitiva, Ansiedade Somática e Autoconfiança dentro dos 3 níveis de resposta: intensidade, direção e frequência. De modo geral, foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas 3 dimensões de resposta do construto. A autoconfiança foi mais percebida que a ansiedade cognitiva e a ansiedade somática na intensidade, direção e frequência. De acordo com os resultados desse presente estudo, é possível concluir que a dimensão da ansiedade mais percebida pelos atletas amadores de vôlei nas três dimensões de resposta foi a autoconfiança. Por fim, não foram observadas diferenças em nenhuma dimensão de resposta em relação à variável sexo.
Abstract. The relationship between psychological variables and their influence on the sporting context has been the object of study for sport psychology. Among the psychological aspects that may influence an athlete's athletic performance is competitive anxiety. However, there is still no consensus regarding the perception of competitive anxiety in volleyball and the effect of the gender variable. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to 1) identify the dimensions of anxiety (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) most commonly perceived by amateur volleyball players in terms of intensity, direction, and frequency, and 2) analyze the effects of the gender variable on perceptions of the dimensions of anxiety. Sixty-two amateur volleyball players participated in the study, 25 men and 37 women who participated in the inter-municipal volleyball championship, a round valid for the qualification phase. Participants answered the Portuguese version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 (CSAI-2R) questionnaire, which consists of 16 items measuring the three dimensions of anxiety: Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, and Self-Confidence in the three response levels: Intensity, Direction, and Frequency. Overall, significant differences were found in the 3 response dimensions of the construct. Self-confidence was perceived more strongly than cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety in terms of intensity, direction, and frequency. The results of this study suggest that the dimension of anxiety perceived most strongly by amateur volleyball players in the 3 response dimensions is self-confidence. Finally, no differences were found in any of the response dimensions in relation to the gender variable. 
Resumen. La relación entre las variables psicológicas y su influencia en el contexto deportivo ha sido objeto de estudio de la psicología del deporte. Entre los aspectos psicológicos que pueden influir en el rendimiento deportivo de un deportista se encuentra la ansiedad competitiva. Sin embargo, aún no existe un consenso respecto a la percepción de la ansiedad competitiva en voleibol y el efecto de la variable sexo. Por tanto, los objetivos del estudio fueron: 1) identificar las dimensiones de ansiedad (ansiedad cognitiva, ansiedad somática y autoconfianza) más percibidas entre los deportistas amateurs de voleibol en sus niveles de respuesta, intensidad, dirección y frecuencia y 2) analizar el efecto de la variable de género sobre la percepción de las dimensiones de la ansiedad. En el estudio participaron 62 deportistas amateurs de voleibol, 25 hombres y 37 mujeres que compitieron en el Campeonato Intermunicipal de Voleibol, ronda válida para la fase clasificatoria. Los participantes respondieron la versión en portugués del cuestionario Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 (CSAI-2R), que consta de 16 ítems que miden las tres dimensiones de la ansiedad: Ansiedad Cognitiva, Ansiedad Somática y Autoconfianza, dentro de los 3 niveles de respuesta: intensidad, dirección y frecuencia. En general, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las 3 dimensiones de respuesta del constructo. La autoconfianza fue más percibida que la ansiedad cognitiva y la ansiedad somática en términos de intensidad, dirección y frecuencia. Los resultados del presente estudio permiten concluir que la dimensión de ansiedad más percibida por los deportistas amateurs de voleibol en las tres dimensiones de respuesta fue la autoconfianza. Finalmente, no se observaron diferencias en ninguna dimensión de respuesta en relación con la variable sexo.

Ansiedade pré-competitiva em atletas de voleibol amador (Pre-competitive anxiety in amateur volleyball athletes) (Ansiedad precompetitiva en atletas de voleibol amateur)

Jhonatan Welington Pereira Gaia

Papers

Prevalence of burnout syndrome and perception by playing position in professional football players

Síndrome de burnout e tempo de prática em atletas de esportes de combate

Ansiedade pré-competitiva em atletas de voleibol amador (Pre-competitive anxiety in amateur volleyball athletes) (Ansiedad precompetitiva en atletas de voleibol amateur)