Drug delivery systems have opened new avenues to improve the therapeutic effects of already-efficient molecules. Particularly, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) have emerged as promising nanocarriers in cancer therapy. SLNs offer remarkable advantages such as low toxicity, high bioavailability of drugs, versatility of incorporation of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, and feasibility of large-scale production. Their molecular structure is crucial to obtain high quality SLN preparations and it is determined by the relationship between the composition and preparation method. Additionally, SLNs allow overcoming several physiological barriers that hinder drug delivery to tumors and are also able to escape multidrug resistance mechanisms, characteristic of cancer cells. Focusing on cell delivery, SLNs can improve drug delivery to target cells by different mechanisms, such as passive mechanisms that take advantage of the tumor microenvironment, active mechanisms by surface modification of SLNs, and codelivery mechanisms. SLNs can incorporate many different drugs and have proven to be effective in different types of tumors (i.e., breast, lung, colon, liver, and brain), corroborating their potential. Finally, it has to be taken into account that there are still some challenges to face in the application of SLNs in anticancer treatments but their possibilities seem to be high.

Application of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Improve the Efficiency of Anticancer Drugs

Liquid crystals (LCs) are an intermediate state of matter that exists between conventional solids and liquids. They are vital to the existence of life as several critical components in living organisms such as cell wall and biochemical fluids are liquid crystalline in nature. Drug delivery based on LCs is a vast field of research. In recent years there has been a huge leap in interest into using LCs, particularly lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), as nanoparticles (cubosomes and hexosomes) for drug delivery applications. Such nanoparticle-based drug delivery promise efficient, controlled and target selective release of drugs. This paper reviews the concepts and techniques involved in LLC-based drug delivery. The influence of physical properties of LCs on the drug carrier design and efficiency, key aspects of the methods used to identify, characterize and analyse lyotropic nanoparticles and the feasibility of production of nanoparticles for their widespread usage are discussed. The study suggests th...

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Liquid crystal nanoparticles for commercial drug delivery

Liquid crystal systems are attracting significant attention due to their unique microstructures and physicochemical properties. Liquid crystals are becoming the choicest system for R and D professionals in the formulation development sector. Drug delivery to desired biological targets can effectively be achieved using liquid crystals system. Liquid crystalline phases are formed via three routes, the molecular shape, micro-segregation effects and chirality. The objective of the present review was to provide information on different forms of liquid crystal systems along with unique physicochemical properties and possible utilization of the unique physicochemical properties of the systems in pharmaceutical formulation development. This review summarized characterization of liquid crystal mesophases highlighting the multidisciplinary application of liquid crystals in drug delivery with respect to cubic and hexagonal phases.

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Liquid Crystals: An Approach in Drug Delivery

The behavior of lyotropic biomimetic systems in drug delivery was reviewed. These behaviors are influenced by drug properties, the initial water content, type of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC), swell ability, drug loading rate, the presence of ions with higher or less kosmotropic or chaotropic force, and the electrostatic interaction between the drug and the lipid bilayers. The in vivo interaction between LCC—drugs, and the impact on the bioavailability of drugs, was reviewed. The LLC with a different architecture can be formed by the self-assembly of lipids in aqueous medium, and can be tuned by the structures and physical properties of the emulsion. These LLC lamellar phase, cubic phase, and hexagonal phase, possess fascinating viscoelastic properties, which make them useful as a dispersion technology, and a highly ordered, thermodynamically stable internal nanostructure, thereby offering the potential as a sustained drug release matrix for drug delivery. In addition, the biodegradable and biocompatible nature of lipids demonstrates a minimum toxicity and thus, they are used for various routes of administration. This review is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview, but focuses on the advantages over non modified conventional materials and LLC biomimetic properties.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/3/419/pdf

Spotlight on Biomimetic Systems Based on Lyotropic Liquid Crystal.

Dauricine upregulates the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Role of repressing glycolysis via miR-199a:HK2/PKM2 modulation.

Liquid crystal nanoparticles have been utilized as an efficient tool for drug delivery with enhanced bioavailability, drug stability, and targeted drug delivery. However, the high energy requirements and the high cost of the liquid crystal preparation have been obstacles to their widespread use in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we prepared liquid crystal nanoparticles using a phase-inversion temperature method, which is a uniquely low energy process. Particles prepared with the above method were estimated to be ~100 nm in size and exhibited a lamellar liquid crystal structure with orthorhombic lateral packing. Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of a hydrophobic peptide-based drug candidate formulated with the liquid crystal nanoparticles showed a five-fold enhancement of bioavailability, sustained release, and liver-specific drug delivery compared to a host-guest complex formulation.

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Liquid crystal nanoparticle formulation as an oral drug delivery system for liver-specific distribution

The present invention relates to a method for preparing 1-deoxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl amino)-D-glucitol from D-glucitol by using a borohydride complex as a reducing agent, and to a method for preparing miglitol from the 1-deoxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl amino)-D-glucitol. The present invention has valuable use in the preparation of miglitol which is a therapeutic agent for diabetes.

Method for preparing 1-deoxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl amino)-d-glucitol and miglitol

The present invention relates to: a strain of the Gluconobacter species which is resistant to 1-hydroxyethyl amino-D-sorbitol, and is able to bioconvert 1-hydroxyethyl amino-D-sorbitol into 6-hydroxyethyl amino-L-sorbose in high yield; and a use therefor. The present invention can advantageously be used for the production of miglitol precursors and miglitol.

Novel ckdbm 0901 strain of gluconobacter species having outstanding yield in bioconversion to 6-hydroxy-ethyl amino-l-sorbose

Miglitol, a well-known therapeutic intervention agents for diabetes, exhibits competitive inhibitory activityagainst α-glucosidase and it is usually produced through three sequential steps including chemical and bioconversionprocesses. Gluconobactor oxydans ( G. oxydans ) belonging to acetic acid bacteria biologically, converts 1-deoxy-1 -(2-hydroxyethylamino)-D-glucitol (P1) into a key intermidiate, 6-(2-hydroxyetyl) amino-6-deoxy-α-L-sorbofuranose (P2) by incomplete oxidation. In this study, we identified and optimized fermentation conditions of CK-2165, that was selected in soil samples by comparing the bioconversion yield. CK-2165 strain was found to be closely relatedto G. oxydans based on the result of phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequence. Utilization of API 20 kits revealed that this strain could use glucose, mannose, inositol, sorbitol, rhamnose, sucrose, melibiose, amygdalin andarabinose as carbon sources. The culture conditions were optimized for industrial production and several important factors affecting bioconversion rate were also tested using mycelial cake. Cell harvested at the late-stationary phaseshowed the highest bioconversion yield and MgSO

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Ji-Su Park

Papers

Liquid crystal nanoparticle formulation as an oral drug delivery system for liver-specific distribution

Method for preparing 1-deoxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl amino)-d-glucitol and miglitol

Novel ckdbm 0901 strain of gluconobacter species having outstanding yield in bioconversion to 6-hydroxy-ethyl amino-l-sorbose

Characterization and Culture Optimization of an Glucosidase Inhibitor-producing Bacteria, Gluconobactor oxydans CK-2165