Endothelial adhesion plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis, which is regulated by endothelial adhesion molecules and chemoattractant molecules. In some areas of China, citreoviridin (CIT) is considered a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the role of CIT in adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) together with the stimulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Adhesion of HUVECs to monocytes was analyzed by coculture experiments using U937 cells labeled with 2,7-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethylester. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin was determined by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. The activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was assessed by Western blot a...

Citreoviridin enhances tumor necrosis factor-α-induced adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi, which may develop in agricultural commodities in the field and/or during transport and storage. Citreoviridin, a mycotoxin produced mainly by Penicillium citreonigrum, was first isolated in 1947 in Japan during the investigation of the “yellow rice” disease, which caused acute cardiac beriberi. In May 2006, an outbreak of beriberi was reported in the State of Maranhão, Brazil, and rice samples collected in the region, was shown to be positive for P. citreonigrum and citreoviridin. The main objective of this work was to establish a protocol for the production and purification of citreoviridin in order to yield enough high purity material to conduct toxicological studies that would help to elucidate the events that occurred in Maranhão. Citreoviridin was produced by P. citreonigrum in 48 flasks of 500 mL YES liquid culture medium for 8 days at 25oC. The toxin was extracted with chloroform, purified by semi-preparative HPLC from the liquid medium and the mycelium of 48 culture flasks, and fully characterized by UV/VIS, FT-IR, H and C NMR, LC-MS/MS and LC-MSD TOF. Citreoviridin concentration was determined by HPLC/PDA against a commercial standard. In average, 29.7 and 85.7 mg of citreoviridin were recovered from the liquid medium and mycelium, respectively, yielding a total of 5.5 g citreoviridin from 15.3 g of crude extract. About 12 g of this extract was purified yielding 3.25 g of purified citreoviridin (27.1% yield), which identity was confirmed by the spectrometric analyses. Chromatographic and gravimetric analysis showed that the purified citreoviridin was 100% pure.

https://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/13792/1/2013_MarianaWagnerdaRocha.pdf

Produção, purificação e caracterização espectrométrica da micotoxina citreoviridina produzida pelo Penicillium citreonigrum em meio de cultura YES (Yeast Extract Sucrose)

Objective To investigate the effects of apoptosis and DNA damage on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC) caused by citreoviridinMethods HUVECs were isolated from the neonatal umbilical core in 1 hour(with informed consent form of the family) and culturedThe injury models were established by dealing with CIT at different concentrations of 1 μmol/L,2 μmol/L,5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L for 48 hoursCells′ morphous was observed under light microscope during the period of growthLevels of cells′ viability were assessed by MTT assayFlow cytometry was used to demonstrate apoptotic changesSingle cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE) was used to measure the DNA damage of the cellsResults Cells in control grew better than CIT groups,Some of the cells in CIT groups were roundThe level of cells′ viability in control was higher than those of CIT groups at doses of 2 μmol/L,5 μmol/L and 10μmol/L(P005)Apoptotic rates in CIT groups of 2 μmol/L,5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L were higher than that of the controlThe levels of damaged DNA in CIT groups of 5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L were significantly diffenent from that of the controlConclusion CIT causes down-regulation of the viability of HUVEC,induces apoptosis of HUVEC and results in DNA damage

Jiao Pen

Papers

Effect of apoptosis and DNA damage on human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by citreoviridin