Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription

Various antibiotics have been used in the treatment of cancers, via their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) capabilities. However, increasingly studies have indicated that antibiotics may also induce cancer generation by disrupting intestinal microbiota, which further promotes chronic inflammation, alters normal tissue metabolism, leads to genotoxicity and weakens the immune response to bacterial malnutrition, thereby adversely impacting cancer treatment. Despite the advent of high-throughput sequencing technology in recent years, the potential adverse effects of antibiotics on cancer treatments via causing microbial imbalance has been largely ignored. In this review, we discuss the double-edged sword of antibiotics in the field of cancer treatments, explore their potential mechanisms and provide solutions to reduce the potential negative effects of antibiotics.

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Antibiotics for cancer treatment: A double-edged sword.

Chemotherapy treatment negatively affects the nervous and immune systems and alters gastrointestinal function and microbial composition. Outside of the cancer field, alterations in commensal bacteria and immune function have been implicated in behavioral deficits; however, the extent to which intestinal changes are related to chemotherapy-associated behavioral comorbidities is not yet known. Thus, this study identified concurrent changes in behavior, central and peripheral immune activation, colon histology, and bacterial community structure in mice treated with paclitaxel chemotherapy. In paclitaxel-treated mice, increased fatigue and decreased cognitive performance occurred in parallel with reduced microglia immunoreactivity, increased circulating chemokine expression (CXCL1), as well as transient increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine (Il-1β, Tnfα, Il-6, and Cxcl1) gene expression in the brain. Furthermore, mice treated with paclitaxel had altered colonic bacterial community composition and increased crypt depth. Relative abundances of multiple bacterial taxa were associated with paclitaxel-induced increases in colon mass, spleen mass, and microglia activation. Although microbial community composition was not directly related to available brain or behavioral measures, structural differences in colonic tissue were strongly related to microglia activation in the dentate gyrus and the prefrontal cortex. These data indicate that the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel concurrently affects the gut microbiome, colonic tissue integrity, microglia activation, and fatigue in female mice, thus identifying a novel relationship between colonic tissue integrity and behavioral responses that is not often assessed in studies of the brain-gut-microbiota axis.

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Chemotherapy-induced neuroinflammation is associated with disrupted colonic and bacterial homeostasis in female mice

Recently, preclinical and clinical studies targeting several types of cancer strongly supported the key role of the gut microbiota in the modulation of host response to anti-tumoral therapies such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and even surgery. Intestinal microbiome has been shown to participate in the resistance to a wide range of anticancer treatments by direct interaction with the treatment or by indirectly stimulating host response through immunomodulation. Interestingly, these effects were described on colorectal cancer but also in other types of malignancies. In addition to their role in therapy efficacy, gut microbiota could also impact side effects induced by anticancer treatments. In the first part of this review, we summarized the role of the gut microbiome on the efficacy and side effects of various anticancer treatments and underlying mechanisms. In the second part, we described the new microbiota-targeting strategies, such as probiotics and prebiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and physical activity, which could be effective adjuvant therapies developed in order to improve anticancer therapeutic efficiency.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/18/4584/pdf

Intestinal Microbiota: A Novel Target to Improve Anti-Tumor Treatment?

Growing evidence suggests exposure to chemicals and industrial pollutants may increase risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we review research on SLE associations with occupational and industrial exposures, primarily drawing on studies in human populations and summarizing epidemiologic research published in the past decade. The association of occupational silica exposure with SLE is well established, but key questions remain, including the required dose and susceptibility factors, and SLE risk due to other silicate exposures. Research on SLE and other exposures is less well developed, though several potential associations merit further consideration because of the consistency of preliminary human findings, experimental animal research, and biologic plausibility. These include pesticides and solvents, for which experimental findings also support investigation of specific agents, including organochlorines and trichloroethylene. Experimental findings and biologic plausibility suggest research on SLE and occupational exposure to hydrocarbons (i.e. mineral oils) is warranted, especially given the widespread exposures in the population. Experimental and limited human findings support further investigation of SLE related to mercury exposure, especially in dental occupations. Research on environmental risk factors in risk-enriched cohorts (family-based) is recommended, as is further investigation of exposures in relation to intermediate markers of effect (e.g. antinuclear antibodies), clinical features (e.g. nephritis), and outcomes.

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Pesticides, chemical and industrial exposures in relation to systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a probiotic combination on the severity of oral mucositis (OM), which is a common, unpreventable complication induced by radiochemotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who undergo concurrent radiochemotherapy (CCRT). METHODS Eligible patients (n = 99) with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma who were undergoing CCRT were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive a probiotic combination or placebo during radiochemotherapy, and the incidence of severe OM (grade 3 or higher) was the primary endpoint. RESULTS Patients taking the probiotic combination showed a significant reduction in the severity of OM. The incidences of grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 OM in the placebo group and the probiotic combination group were 0% and 12.07%, 0% and 55.17%, 54.29% and 17.24%, and 45.71% and 15.52%, respectively. Furthermore, CCRT greatly lowered the number of immune cells, whereas the probiotic combination markedly lowered the reduction rates of CD4+ T cells (76.59% vs 52.85%; P < .05), CD8+ T cells (62.94% vs 29.76%; P < .05), and CD3+ T cells (69.72% vs 45.49%; P < .05) in an A-CCRT-P (after treatment with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy plus the probiotic combination) group. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that CCRT had obviously disturbed the intestinal diversity of patients in an A-CCRT (after treatment with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy plus a placebo) group, whereas the probiotic combination distinctly restored the microbial diversity in the A-CCRT-P group toward that of healthy people and a B-CCRT-P (before the treatment of radiotherapy plus chemotherapy plus the probiotic combination) group. CONCLUSIONS A probiotic combination significantly enhances the immune response of patients and reduces the severity of OM through modification of gut microbiota.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cncr.31907

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics to reduce the severity of oral mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

The association between prenatal cadmium exposure and birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of available evidence.

TNF-α and IL-1RA Polymorphisms and Silicosis Susceptibility in Chinese Workers Exposed to Silica Particles: A Case-Control Study

Outbreak detection algorithms play an important role in effective automated surveillance. Although many algorithms have been designed to improve the performance of outbreak detection, few published studies have examined how epidemic features of infectious disease impact on the detection performance of algorithms. This study compared the performance of three outbreak detection algorithms stratified by epidemic features of infectious disease and examined the relationship between epidemic features and performance of outbreak detection algorithms. Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), cumulative sum (CUSUM) and moving percentile method (MPM) algorithms were applied. We inserted simulated outbreaks into notifiable infectious disease data in China Infectious Disease Automated-alert and Response System (CIDARS), and compared the performance of the three algorithms with optimized parameters at a fixed false alarm rate of 5% classified by epidemic features of infectious disease. Multiple linear regression was adopted to analyse the relationship of the algorithms’ sensitivity and timeliness with the epidemic features of infectious diseases. The MPM had better detection performance than EWMA and CUSUM through all simulated outbreaks, with or without stratification by epidemic features (incubation period, baseline counts and outbreak magnitude). The epidemic features were associated with both sensitivity and timeliness. Compared with long incubation, short incubation had lower probability (β* = −0.13, P < 0.001) but needed shorter time to detect outbreaks (β* = −0.57, P < 0.001). Lower baseline counts were associated with higher probability (β* = −0.20, P < 0.001) and longer time (β* = 0.14, P < 0.001). The larger outbreak magnitude was correlated with higher probability (β* = 0.55, P < 0.001) and shorter time (β* = −0.23, P < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that the MPM is a prior algorithm for outbreak detection and differences of epidemic features in detection performance should be considered in automatic surveillance practice.

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Jie Kuang

Papers

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics to reduce the severity of oral mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

The association between prenatal cadmium exposure and birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of available evidence.

TNF-α and IL-1RA Polymorphisms and Silicosis Susceptibility in Chinese Workers Exposed to Silica Particles: A Case-Control Study

Epidemic features affecting the performance of outbreak detection algorithms.

Reference value for the TUGT in healthy older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis