Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) has recently received considerable attention in the academic community, in labs, in technology companies, and through the media. Because of this attention, it is desirable to present a survey of HRI to serve as a tutorial to people outside the field and to promote discussion of a unified vision of HRI within the field. The goal of this review is to present a unified treatment of HRI-related problems, to identify key themes, and discuss challenge problems that are likely to shape the field in the near future. Although the review follows a survey structure, the goal of presenting a coherent "story" of HRI means that there are necessarily some well-written, intriguing, and influential papers that are not referenced. Instead of trying to survey every paper, we describe the HRI story from multiple perspectives with an eye toward identifying themes that cross applications. The survey attempts to include papers that represent a fair cross section of the universities, government efforts, industry labs, and countries that contribute to HRI, and a cross section of the disciplines that contribute to the field, such as human, factors, robotics, cognitive psychology, and design.

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Human-Robot Interaction: A Survey

Objective: We evaluate and quantify the effects of human, robot, and environmental factors on perceived trust in human-robot interaction (HRI)Background: To date, reviews of trust in HRI have been

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A meta-analysis of factors affecting trust in human-robot interaction.

Social intelligence in robots has a quite recent history in artificial intelligence and robotics. However, it has become increasingly apparent that social and interactive skills are necessary requirements in many application areas and contexts where robots need to interact and collaborate with other robots or humans. Research on human–robot interaction (HRI) poses many challenges regarding the nature of interactivity and ‘social behaviour’ in robot and humans. The first part of this paper addresses dimensions of HRI, discussing requirements on social skills for robots and introducing the conceptual space of HRI studies. In order to illustrate these concepts, two examples of HRI research are presented. First, research is surveyed which investigates the development of a cognitive robot companion. The aim of this work is to develop social rules for robot behaviour (a ‘robotiquette’) that is comfortable and acceptable to humans. Second, robots are discussed as possible educational or therapeutic toys for children with autism. The concept of interactive emergence in human–child interactions is highlighted. Different types of play among children are discussed in the light of their potential investigation in human–robot experiments. The paper concludes by examining different paradigms regarding ‘social relationships’ of robots and people interacting with them.

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Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human-robot interaction.

This paper describes an effort to identify common metrics for task-oriented human-robot interaction (HRI). We begin by discussing the need for a toolkit of HRI metrics. We then describe the framework of our work and identify important biasing factors that must be taken into consideration. Finally, we present suggested common metrics for standardization and a case study. Preparation of a larger, more detailed toolkit is in progress.

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Common metrics for human-robot interaction

http://www.centropiaggio.unipi.it/sites/default/files/softarm-MMT.pdf

An atlas of physical human-robot interaction

This paper extends taxonomy of human-robot interaction (HRI) introduced in 2002 to include additional categories as well as updates to the categories from the original taxonomy. New classifications include measures of the social nature of the task (human interaction roles and human-robot physical proximity), task type, and robot morphology.

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Classifying human-robot interaction: an updated taxonomy

This paper provides a set of definitions that form a framework for describing the types of awareness that humans have of robot activities and the knowledge that robots have of the commands given them by humans. As a case study, we applied this human-robot interaction (HRI) awareness framework to our analysis of the HRI approaches used at an urban search and rescue competition. We determined that most of the critical incidents (e.g., damage done by robots to the test arena) were directly attributable to lack of one or more kinds of HRI awareness.

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Awareness in human-robot interactions

Human-robot interaction (HRI) is a relatively new field of study. To date, most of the effort in robotics has been spent in developing hardware and software that expands the range of robot functionality and autonomy. In contrast, little effort has been spent so far to ensure that the robotic displays and interaction controls are intuitive for humans. This study applied robotics, human-computer interaction (HCI), and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) expertise to gain experience with HCI/CSCW evaluation techniques in the robotics domain. As a case study for this article, we analyzed four different robot systems that competed in the 2002 American Association for Artificial Intelligence Robot Rescue Competition. These systems completed urban search and rescue tasks in a controlled environment with predetermined scoring rules that provided objective measures of success. This study analyzed pre-evaluation questionnaires; videotapes of the robots, interfaces, and operators; maps of the robots' paths through the competition arena; post-evaluation debriefings; and critical incidents (e.g., when the robots damaged the test arena). As a result, this study developed guidelines for developing interfaces for HRI.

/pdf/beyond-usability-evaluation-analysis-of-human-robot-2hz982xil0.pdf

Beyond usability evaluation: analysis of human-robot interaction at a major robotics competition

Human-robot interaction with urban search and rescue (USAR) robots needs to provide operators with a means of maintaining situation awareness (SA), especially since the USAR operators usually cannot see the robots that they are directing. We used a technique from human-computer interaction known as usability testing, plus implicit and explicit SA measurement techniques, to investigate USAR operators' levels of SA and strategies for maintaining SA. We found that operators developed different SA strategies, spent an average of 30% of their time solely in SA activities, had less SA of the space behind the robot than in front or on the sides, did not use automatically-generated maps to gain SA, and had difficulty maintaining SA when in the autonomous mode.

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"Where am I?" Acquiring situation awareness using a remote robot platform

In this paper we report on the analysis of critical incidents during an urban search and rescue robot competition where critical incidents are defined as a situation where the robot could potentially cause damage to itself, the victim, or the environment. We look at the features present in the human-robot interface that contributed to success in different tasks needed in urban search and rescue and present guidelines for human-robot interaction design.

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Jill L. Drury

Papers

Classifying human-robot interaction: an updated taxonomy

Awareness in human-robot interactions

Beyond usability evaluation: analysis of human-robot interaction at a major robotics competition

"Where am I?" Acquiring situation awareness using a remote robot platform

Evaluation of human-robot interaction awareness in search and rescue