https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/201164588/Manuscript.pdf

Local flexibility markets: Literature review on concepts, models and clearing methods

Massive deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) along with innovations in information and communication technologies have changed the power system from a hierarchical structure to a more deregulated model by introducing new generations at lower levels. This change raises operational and market challenges. Local energy trading provides opportunities to manage these DERs by encouraging localised trading. The concept of local energy trading at the distribution level is widely broadcasted for implementation in the power system. In the design of electricity markets for local energy trading, a clear definition of market participants, their objective, and purpose of market clearing should be established. This design depends on the changing needs of the power system and can be performed from different viewpoints. Classification and organisation of the literature on potential designs for local energy trading can help researchers to develop their future steps properly. This study presents a comprehensive review on this topic and provides a systematic classification of the market players, market clearing objectives, and approaches. Several research works are analysed against different criteria, including scalability, overheads requirements, and network constraints management.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5309

Market framework for local energy trading: a review of potential designs and market clearing approaches

This paper proposes a novel consensus-based distributed control algorithm for solving the economic dispatch problem of distributed generators. A legacy central controller can be eliminated in order to avoid a single point of failure, relieve computational burden, maintain data privacy, and support plug-and-play functionalities. The optimal economic dispatch is achieved by allowing the iterative coordination of local agents (consumers and distributed generators). As coordination information, the local estimation of power mismatch is shared among distributed generators through communication networks and does not contain any private information, ultimately contributing to a fair electricity market. Additionally, the proposed distributed algorithm is particularly designed for easy implementation and configuration of a large number of agents in which the distributed decision making can be implemented in a simple proportional-integral (PI) or integral (I) controller. In MATLAB/Simulink simulation, the accuracy of the proposed distributed algorithm is demonstrated in a 29-node system in comparison with the centralized algorithm. Scalability and a fast convergence rate are also demonstrated in a 1400-node case study. Further, the experimental test demonstrates the practical performance of the proposed distributed algorithm using the VOLTTRON platform and a cluster of low-cost credit-card-size single-board PCs.

A Novel Consensus-based Distributed Algorithm for Economic Dispatch Based on Local Estimation of Power Mismatch

The islanded and network-connected modes are expected to be modeled into a unified form as well as in a distributed fashion for multi-energy system In this way, the adaptability and flexibility of multi-energy system can be enhanced To this aim, this paper establishes a double-mode energy management model for the multi-energy system It is formed by many energy bodies With such a model, each participant is able to adaptively respond to the change of mode switching Furthermore, a novel distributed dynamic event-triggered Newton-Raphson algorithm is proposed to solve the double-mode energy management problem in a fully distributed fashion In this method, the idea of Newton descent along with the dynamic event-triggered communication strategy are introduced and embedded in the execution of the proposed algorithm With this effort, each participant can adequately utilize the second-order information to speed up convergence The optimality is not affected Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm can be implemented with asynchronous communication and without needing special initialization conditions It exhibits better flexibility and adaptability especially when the system modes are changed In addition, the continuous-time algorithm is executed with discrete-time communication driven by the proposed dynamic event-triggered mechanismIt results in reduced communication interaction and avoids needing continuous-time information transmission It is also proved that each participant can asymptotically converge to the global optimal point Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed model and illustrate the faster convergence feature of the proposed algorithm

Double-Mode Energy Management for Multi-Energy System via Distributed Dynamic Event-Triggered Newton-Raphson Algorithm

This paper proposes a distributed control architecture for battery energy storage systems (BESSs) based on multi-agent system framework. The active/reactive power sharing, the frequency/voltage, and the energy of BESSs are synchronized by exchanging local information with a few other neighboring BESSs. Two consensus algorithms namely leaderless and leader–follower are proposed. The proposed control architecture offers unique features. First, the heterogeneous nature of BESSs is explicitly taken into account in BESS models and consensus designs, while it is usually ignored in the literature. Second, the proposed designs bring the plug-and-play capability to the smart grid system by operating in both islanded and grid-connected modes. Next, the nominal frequencies and nominal voltage magnitudes of BESSs are used in the consensus design instead of their frequencies and voltage magnitudes. This makes the proposed structure much easier to be implemented in the real power grids. Lastly, an additional control input is designed to synchronize the energy levels of BESSs directly, whereas the energy levels of BESSs are synchronized indirectly through their powers in other existing research. Time-domain simulations on a modified IEEE 57-bus power system are then carried out to validate the proposed control structure and the consensus designs.

Multi-Agent Consensus Design for Heterogeneous Energy Storage Devices With Droop Control in Smart Grids

This paper proposes a novel consensus-based distributed control algorithm for solving the economic dispatch (ED) problem of distributed generators (DGs). A legacy central controller can be eliminated in order to avoid a single point of failure, relieve computational burden, maintain data privacy, and support plug-and-play functionalities. The optimal ED is achieved by allowing the iterative coordination of local agents (consumers and DGs). As coordination information, the local estimation of power mismatch is shared among DGs through communication networks and does not contain any private information, ultimately contributing to a fair electricity market. Additionally, the proposed distributed algorithm is particularly designed for easy implementation and configuration of a large number of agents in which the distributed decision making can be implemented in a simple proportional-integral or integral controller. In MATLAB/Simulink simulation, the accuracy of the proposed distributed algorithm is demonstrated in a 29-node system in comparison with the centralized algorithm. Scalability and a fast convergence rate are also demonstrated in a 1400-node case study. Further, the experimental test demonstrates the practical performance of the proposed distributed algorithm using the VOLTTRON platform and a cluster of low-cost credit-card-size single-board PCs.

A Novel Consensus-Based Distributed Algorithm for Economic Dispatch Based on Local Estimation of Power Mismatch

This paper presents an intelligent home energy management system integrated with dispatchable loads (e.g., clothes washers and dryers), distributed renewable generators (e.g., roof-top solar panels), and distributed energy storage devices (e.g., plug-in electric vehicles). The overall goal is to reduce the total operating costs and the carbon emissions for a future residential house, while satisfying the end-users' comfort levels. This paper models a wide variety of home appliances and formulates the economic operation problem using mixed integer linear programming. Case studies are performed to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution algorithm. Simulation results also show the positive impact of dispatchable loads, distributed renewable generators, and distributed energy storage devices on a future residential house.

Intelligent home energy management system for distributed renewable generators, dispatchable residential loads and distributed energy storage devices

This paper gives an insight into the applications of an open-source control system platform named VOLTTRON. This platform was developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. A brief introduction is given on the functionality and key features of the platform. Potential applications in the areas of building control and electric vehicle charging are stated, along with an overview of existing projects. A comparison is also made between VOLTTRON and other related software. An actual implementation case of VOLTTRON is then presented in the case study. The demonstration uses the VOLTTRON platform as a message bus. Decentralized generators and consumers are simulated by 16 single-board computers.

The application of distributed control algorithms using VOLTTRON-based software platform

This paper presents an intelligent home energy management system integrated with dispatchable loads (e.g., clothes washers and dryers), distributed renewable generators (e.g., roof-top solar panels), and distributed energy storage devices (e.g., plug-in electric vehicles). The overall goal is to reduce the total operating costs and the carbon emissions for a future residential house, while satisfying the end-users comfort levels. This paper models a wide variety of home appliances and formulates the economic operation problem using mixed integer linear programming. Case studies are performed to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution algorithm. Simulation results also show the positive impact of dispatchable loads, distributed renewable generators, and distributed energy storage devices on a future residential house.

Jingwei Luo

Papers

A Novel Consensus-based Distributed Algorithm for Economic Dispatch Based on Local Estimation of Power Mismatch

A Novel Consensus-Based Distributed Algorithm for Economic Dispatch Based on Local Estimation of Power Mismatch

Intelligent home energy management system for distributed renewable generators, dispatchable residential loads and distributed energy storage devices

The application of distributed control algorithms using VOLTTRON-based software platform

Intelligent Home Energy Management System for Distributed Renewable Generators, Dispatchable Residential Loads and Distributed Energy Storage Devices