Microencapsulation involves the incorporation of food ingredients, enzymes, cells, or other materials in small capsules. Microcapsules offer food processors a means with which to protect sensitive food components, ensure against nutritional loss, utilize otherwise sensitive ingredients, incorporate unusual or time-release mechanisms into the formulation, mask or preserve flavors and aromas, and transform liquids into easily handled solid ingredients. Various techniques are employed to form microcapsules, including spray drying, spray chilling or spray cooling, extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion, and rotational suspension separation. Recent developments in each of these techniques are discussed in this review. Controlled release of food ingredients at the right place and the right time is a key functionality that can be provided by microencapsulation. A timely and targeted release improves the effectiveness of ...

Recent Developments in Microencapsulation of Food Ingredients

Chitosan based edible films and coatings: A review

Evidence-based guidelines on the management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) are lacking. This guideline is a joint initiative of the European Study Group on Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas, United European Gastroenterology, European Pancreatic Club, European-African Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, European Digestive Surgery, and the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. It replaces the 2013 European consensus statement guidelines on PCN. European and non-European experts performed systematic reviews and used GRADE methodology to answer relevant clinical questions on nine topics (biomarkers, radiology, endoscopy, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN), serous cystic neoplasm, rare cysts, (neo)adjuvant treatment, and pathology). Recommendations include conservative management, relative and absolute indications for surgery. A conservative approach is recommended for asymptomatic MCN and IPMN measuring 5 mm, and MPD diameter >10 mm. Lifelong follow-up of IPMN is recommended in patients who are fit for surgery. The European evidence-based guidelines on PCN aim to improve the diagnosis and management of PCN.

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European evidence-based guidelines on pancreatic cystic neoplasms

Development and evaluation of a novel biodegradable film made from chitosan and cinnamon essential oil with low affinity toward water

The term antimicrobialpackaging encompasses any packaging technique(s) used to control microbial growth in a food product. These include packaging materials and edible films and coatings that contain antimicrobial agents and also techniques that modify the atmosphere within the package. In recent years, antimicrobial packaging has attracted much attention from the food industry because of the increase in consumer demand for minimally processed, preservative-free products. Reflecting this demand, the preservative agents must be applied to packaging in such away that only low levels of preservatives come into contact with the food. The film or coating technique is considered to be more effective, although more complicated to apply. New antimicrobial packaging materials are continually being developed. Many of them exploit natural agents to control common food-borne microorganisms. Current trends suggest that, in due course, packaging will generally incorporate antimicrobial agents, and the sealing systems will continue to improve. The focus of packaging in the past has been on the appearance, size, and integrity of the package. A greater emphasis on safety features associated with the addition of antimicrobial agents is perhaps the next area for development in packaging technology.

Biopolymer-based antimicrobial packaging: a review.

Na-alginate- and κ-carrageenan-based antimicrobial films were prepared, to examine their antimicrobial effect and mechanical properties. Antimicrobial agents: lysozyme, nisin, grape fruit seed extract (GFSE) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were incorporated into films, both alone and in combination. Na-alginate-based films exhibited larger inhibitory zones compared to κ-carrageenan-based films even within similar combinations and levels of antimicrobial agents. GFSE-EDTA in both Na-alginate- and κ-carrageenan-based films showed inhibitory effect against all indicator microorganisms. Tensile strength (TS) values were weaker and elongations (E) before breakage less frequent for films with antimicrobial compounds compared to that of films without the antimicrobial compounds.

Antimicrobial Films Based on Na-alginate and κ-carrageenan

The diffusion of potassium sorbate incorporated into κ-carrageenan based antimicrobial film was measured at 5 s intervals using a diffusion cell. The kinetics of potassium sorbate release followed Fick's law of diffusion, as shown by diffusional exponent characteristic n-value and high correlation coefficients between experimental and theoretical data. The effects of solution pH at the film surface (3.8, 5.2 and 7.0) and temperature (5, 25 and 40 °C) on diffusion were investigated. Diffusion was found to be unaffected by adjacent solution pH in the range of values tested, but a decrease in temperature from 40 to 5 °C resulted in a reduction of diffusion coefficients from 4.24×10−13 to 1.29×10−13 m2/s at pH 5.2.

Diffusivity of potassium sorbate in κ-carrageenan based antimicrobial film

BACKGROUND SIRT7 is one of the histone deacetylases and is NAD-dependent. It forms a complex with ETS-like transcription factor 4 (ELK4), which deacetylates H3K18ac and works as a transcriptional suppressor. Overexpression of SIRT7 and deacetylation of H3K18ac have been shown to be associated with aggressive clinical behavior in some cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of SIRT7, H3K18ac, and ELK4 in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS A total of 278 HCC patients were enrolled in this study. Tissue microarray blocks were made from existing paraffin-embedded blocks. Immunohistochemical expressions of SIRT7, H3K18ac and ELK4 were scored and analyzed. RESULTS High SIRT7 (p = .034), high H3K18ac (p = .001), and low ELK4 (p = .021) groups were associated with poor outcomes. Age < 65 years (p = .028), tumor size ≥ 5 cm (p = .001), presence of vascular emboli (p = .003), involvement of surgical margin (p = .001), and high American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (III&V) (p < .001) were correlated with worse prognoses. In multivariate analysis, H3K18ac (p = .001) and ELK4 (p = .015) were the significant independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS High SIRT7 expression with poor overall survival implies that deacetylation of H3K18ac contributes to progression of HCC. High H3K18ac expression with poor prognosis is predicted due to a compensation mechanism. In addition, high ELK4 expression with good prognosis suggests another role of ELK4 as a tumor suppressor beyond SIRT7's helper. In conclusion, we could assume that the H3K18ac deacetylation pathway is influenced by many other factors.

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SIRT7, H3K18ac, and ELK4 Immunohistochemical Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-established oncogenic virus of cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancer. Various subtypes of HPV have been detected in 0% to 60% of breast cancers. The roles of HPV in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer remain controversial. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of HPV-positive breast cancer in Korean patients and to evaluate the possibility of carcinogenic effect of HPV on breast. Methods Meta-analysis was performed in 22 case-control studies for HPV infection in breast cancer. A total of 123 breast cancers, nine intraductal papillomas and 13 nipple tissues of patients with proven cervical HPV infection were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect 28 subtypes of HPV. Breast cancers were composed of 106 formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) breast cancer samples and 17 touch imprint cytology samples of breast cancers. Results The overall odds ratio between breast cancer and HPV infection was 5.43 (95% confidence interval, 3.24 to 9.12) with I2 = 34.5% in meta-analysis of published studies with case-control setting and it was statistically significant. HPV was detected in 22 cases of breast cancers (17.9%) and two cases of intaductal papillomas (22.2%). However, these cases had weak positivity. Conclusions These results failed to serve as significant evidence to support the relationship between HPV and breast cancer. Further study with larger epidemiologic population is merited to determine the relationship between HPV and breast cancer.

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Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Korean Breast Cancer Patients by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Meta-Analysis of Human Papillomavirus and Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE The S100 gene family, which comprises over 20 members, including S100A1, S100A2, S100A8, S100A9, profilaggrin, and hornerin encodes low molecular weight calcium-binding proteins with physiological and pathological roles in keratinization. Recent studies have suggested a link between S100 proteins and human cancer progression. The purpose of the present study was to determine the expression levels of hornerin, S100A8, and S100A9 and evaluate their roles in the progression of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). METHODS Seventy cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), IDC, and metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes (MCN) were included. Tissue microarrays were constructed from lesions of DCIS, IDC, and MCN from the same patients. Expression of hornerin, S100A8, and S100A9 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of hornerin was associated with the estrogen receptor-negative (p=0.003) and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (p=0.002) groups. The expression of S100A8 was associated with a higher pT stage (p=0.017). A significant (p 0.050) different. The expression of hornerin increased in a stepwise manner (DCIS<IDC<MCN). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that hornerin is involved in breast cancer progression and malignant transformation from preinvasive lesions.

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Jinhyuk Choi

Papers

Antimicrobial Films Based on Na-alginate and κ-carrageenan

Diffusivity of potassium sorbate in κ-carrageenan based antimicrobial film

SIRT7, H3K18ac, and ELK4 Immunohistochemical Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Korean Breast Cancer Patients by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Meta-Analysis of Human Papillomavirus and Breast Cancer.

Hornerin Is Involved in Breast Cancer Progression