Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Quasi-experimentation - design and analysis issues for field settings - cook,td, campbell,dt

Against our will: Men, women, and rape

Rather than enjoying a good PDF next a cup of coffee in the afternoon, otherwise they juggled past some harmful virus inside their computer. fear of crime interpreting victimization risk is comprehensible in our digital library an online right of entry to it is set as public appropriately you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multipart countries, allowing you to acquire the most less latency epoch to download any of our books subsequent to this one. Merely said, the fear of crime interpreting victimization risk is universally compatible later any devices to read.

Fear of crime : interpreting victimization risk

Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective Community Control. Robert Bursik , Harold Grasmick

Perceptually contemporaneous offenses are crimes that are coupled in people's minds when they express fear. Previous studies have shown that fear of rape predicts women's fears of other crimes. This study examined the differential effects of sexual and nonsexual assault as offenses that may be coupled with specific gang crimes. For both women and men, once physical harm is accounted for by controlling for fear of nonsexual assault, fear of rape explains much less variance than it does when it was included alone. We argue that fear of physical harm, not the sexual intrusion in rape, has the strongest effect on fear for both women and men.

Women's and men's fear of gang crimes: Sexual and nonsexual assault as perceptually contemporaneous offenses

Prior research has consistently shown that women are more afraid of crime than men despite the fact that men are much more likely to be victims of all crime except sexual assault and intimate partner violence. The "shadow of sexual assault" hypothesis argues that women's fear of sexual assault shadows their fear of other types of crime, particularly violent crime. Building on prior research by Ferraro (1996) and Fisher and Sloan (2003), this study examines the individual and combined impact of perceived risk and fear of sexual assault on fear of robbery and assault among college students. Findings indicate that fear of sexual assault is the stronger predictor of fear of crime for women and that perceived risk is the stronger predictor for men.

Fear of violent crime among men and women on campus: the impact of perceived risk and fear of sexual assault.

Fear and gangs were two of the most important factors driving crime policy in the 1990s. Policy makers and the media blamed gangs for much of the violence occurring across the nation and for public fear. This article examines fear of crime and gangs in Orange County, California, as measured by a randomized survey of 1,223 respondents conducted in 1995 by The Orange County Register newspaper. The authors find that the factors predicting fear of crime and fear of gangs are different. In addition, they find that concern about subcultural diversity is a strong predictor of both types of fear.

Subcultural Diversity and the Fear of Crime and Gangs

Using data from a 1997 random digit dial survey of Orange County, California residents, this article examines the "indirect victimization" thesis regarding the effects of mass media on perceived risk and fear of crime among whites and Latinos. Using structural equation models, we analyze the differential effects of television and newspapers when used as the primary source of information about crime. For whites, relying on the newspaper has a negative indirect impact on fear through perceived risk, but television has no effects. For Latinos, newspaper has no effects on fear, but televisionhas both a positive direct effect and indirect effect on fear through perceived risk.

ethnicity, information sources, and fear of crime

Gang crime and resulting public fear became a major policy focus during the 1990s, yet feu studies specifically focus on fear of gang crime. Guided by social disorganization theory, we test three theoretical models about the individual thought processes leading to fear of gang crime. Using structural equation models, we find that each of these three theories-diversity, disorder, and community concern-is an important predictor of gang-related fear. In addition, we find that the indirect relationships between demographic characteristics, theoretical variables, and fear depend upon which model is tested. Fear of Gangs and Crime Policy Crime has been a major focus of political campaigns for years (Johnson 1997; Warr 1995, 2000), but during the 1990s, policymakers routinely cited gang violence and the fear it invoked in the public as a primary justification for harsher laws and punishment policies (e.g., Clinton 1997; Senate 1994). Throughout the 1990s, both the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate held hearings about gang violence in an effort to "do something" about gangs, which, they believed, had the nation "caught in the grip of fear" (Senate 1994:2; see also House 1997a, 1997b). In his opening statement to the 1994 Senate hearing The Gang Problem in America, then-Senator Kohl summed up the Senate's concerns: Too many of our young people are killing and being killed and breeding fear among all the honest people who try to walk our streets. Throughout the United States, gangs have much to do with all of this . . . today, we recognize that violent gang crime is a national problem. . . . (Senate 1994:1-2). As a result of legislator concerns, the 1994 Federal Crime Bill made it a federal offense to be involved in gang-related crime and created minimum penalties for related offenses (Senate 1994:4, 19; Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Public Law 103-322, §150001). A few years later, President Clinton declared a war on gangs in his 1997 State of the Union address and announced that fighting gangs would be a top priority of his second administration (Clinton 1997; Peterson 1997). Later that year, the U.S. House Subcommittee on Crime held a hearing, Gang-Related Witness Intimidation and Retaliation, which reiterated the concern that gangs were still out of control. As a Los Angeles deputy district attorney told the subcommittee, "Fear and intimidation are the foundation of gang dominance in our communities . . ." (House 1997b:5). Clearly, during the 1990s, gangs rose to the center of the policy debate about crime, due, at least in part, to policymakers' perceptions that the public was terrified of gangs. Few studies specifically examine fear of gang crime (see Lane 2002; Lane & Meeker 2000, 2003). Research regarding fear of nongang crimes indicates that the public's fear is complex and not likely to be lessened simply by passing more laws, such as Clinton's Anti-Gang and Youth Violence Initiative, and increasing punishments (see Peterson 1997; House 1997b). This lack of effect is due in part to the public's limited knowledge about the workings of the criminal justice system (Roberts & Stalans 1997). Findings also indicate that actual crime levels do not neatly translate into fear levels. Most fear of crime research indicates that perceptions of community factors such as diversity, disorder, decline, and crime are probably more important in predicting fear than is the objective "reality" of crime and victimization (e.g., Garofalo & Laub 1978; Lewis & Maxfield 1980; Taylor 2001; Warr 1994, 2000). Fear of crime is functional if it helps people protect themselves from real threats (Warr 2000). But research has shown that people who are most at risk for victimization (e.g., young, minority males) are less fearful than those at less risk, such as women and the elderly (see Warr 1994 for a review). Social disorganization is a key theory that has been used to explain how real and perceived community characteristics can increase fear of crime, especially when victimization risk is low (Taylor & Covington 1993). …

Jodi Lane

Papers

Women's and men's fear of gang crimes: Sexual and nonsexual assault as perceptually contemporaneous offenses

Fear of violent crime among men and women on campus: the impact of perceived risk and fear of sexual assault.

Subcultural Diversity and the Fear of Crime and Gangs

ethnicity, information sources, and fear of crime

Fear of Gang Crime: A Look at Three Theoretical Models