世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Chairman's Report of Proceedings 1. Attached is the Chairman's Report of Proceedings of the Meeting of the Consultative Group for Haiti held in Paris, January 30-31, 1995. The following annexes are attached to this report (in order of appearance at the meeting): Annex I: List of Delegates Annex II: Agenda Annex III: Statement by Mr. Smarck Michel, Prime Minister of Haiti Annex IV: Statement by Mr. Enrique Iglesias, President of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Annex V: Report of Mr. Lakhdar Brahimi, Special Representative of the UN Secretary General Annex VI: Statement by Ms. Marie-Michele Rey, Minister of Economy and Finance of Haiti Annex VII: Statement of Mr. Edilberto L. Segura, Director, International Development Association (IDA) Annex VIII: Statement by Mr. John Thornton, Deputy Division Chief, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Annex IX: Statement by Mr. Philippe Lietard, Director, Corporate Finances Department, IFC Annex X: Statement by Mr. Jean-Marie Cherestal, Minister of Planning and External Cooperation Annex XI: Statement by Mr. Miguel E. Martinez, Manager Regional Operation Department II, IDB Annex XII: Statement by Mr. Fernando Zumbado, Assistant Secretary General, UNDP Annex XIII: Press Releases 2. Comments or corrections should be sent to the Vicc Presidcnt and Secrctary or Deputy Secrertary of the Bank by May 26, 1995.

https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/10945/12373/1/internationalban00cook.pdf

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

The Company’s association with Marunouchi goes back more than a century, beginning in 1890. At the behest of the Meiji Government, Mitsubishi Company acquired the Marunouchi site, which had comprised the residences of feudal lords during the Edo Period. At the time of the purchase, the site was actually a barren field called Mitsubishi-ga-hara, literally meaning “the Mitsubishi flatland.” The Mitsubishi Ichigokan was completed in 1894 as Japan’s first modern office building. Starting from the strong conviction that Japan’s future prosperity required a modern office district, building such a business center became a primary objective.

Annual Report for 2007

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on migration and urbanization. The literature on Third World migration and urbanization is enormous and growing. The chapter presents an assessment of the most important components possible. The chapter discusses the demographics of the urban transition. The chapter examines the labor markets that link city with countryside. The size and persistence of rural-urban wage gaps and their implications for national income allocative losses are explored. This is followed by an assessment of the extent to which migrants actually respond to the gaps. From private rationality, the chapter then turns to social optimality including the questions of whether there are “too many” city immigrants in the Third World and the desirability of suppressing migration through government policy. The chapter also discusses on the sources of city growth and the so-called Hoselitz thesis. The chapter also discusses the question of how urban labor markets work. Here, the main debate since 1969 has been over the Todaro thesis. The chapter explores the evidence and contrasting policies that have emerged from the debate. It turns out that computable general equilibrium models of city growth offer an excellent device for organizing an answer to that question. The economic implications of the young adult selectivity bias appear to be straightforward, although there has been tittle research devoted to an assessment of their quantitative importance. The higher urban activity rates would imply higher per capita incomes.

Chapter 11 Migration and urbanization

Purpose 
Access to critical care is a crucial component of healthcare systems. In low-income countries, the burden of critical illness is substantial, but the capacity to provide care for critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) is unknown. Our aim was to systematically review the published literature to estimate the current ICU capacity in low-income countries.


Methods 
We searched 11 databases and included studies of any design, published 2004-August 2014, with data on ICU capacity for pediatric and adult patients in 36 low-income countries (as defined by World Bank criteria; population 850 million). Neonatal, temporary, and military ICUs were excluded. We extracted data on ICU bed numbers, capacity for mechanical ventilation, and information about the hospital, including referral population size, public accessibility, and the source of funding. Analyses were descriptive.


Results 
Of 1,759 citations, 43 studies from 15 low-income countries met inclusion criteria. They described 36 individual ICUs in 31 cities, of which 16 had population greater than 500,000, and 14 were capital cities. The median annual ICU admission rate was 401 (IQR 234-711; 24 ICUs with data) and median ICU size was 8 beds (IQR 5-10; 32 ICUs with data). The mean ratio of adult and pediatric ICU beds to hospital beds was 1.5% (SD 0.9%; 15 hospitals with data). Nepal and Uganda, the only countries with national ICU bed data, had 16.7 and 1.0 ICU beds per million population, respectively. National data from other countries were not available.


Conclusions 
Low-income countries lack ICU beds, and more than 50% of these countries lack any published data on ICU capacity. Most ICUs in low-income countries are located in large referral hospitals in cities. A central database of ICU resources is required to evaluate health system performance, both within and between countries, and may help to develop related health policy.

/pdf/intensive-care-unit-capacity-in-low-income-countries-a-1qsi8o48ug.pdf

Intensive Care Unit Capacity in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

The unprecedented rate of urban growth in developing nations has created massive new tasks for national and local policymakers. This study delineates the major problems of adapting to the growth of cities in developing countries, and it discusses policies to increase the efficiency and equity of urban development. The areas covered include urban employment, income redistribution, transport, housing, and social services such as health and education. The author evaluates the effectiveness of policy instruments such as public investment, pricing, taxation, and regulation. Some of these policies can be used in ways that improve both the efficiency and the equity of the development of cities, without a conflict between these goals.

Cities in the Developing World: Policies for Their Equitable and Efficient Growth

Taking successful development interventions to scale is critical if the world is to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and make essential gains in the fight for improved agricultural productivity, rural incomes, and nutrition. How to support scaling up in these three areas, however, is a major challenge. This collection of policy briefs is designed to contribute to a better understanding of the experience to date and the lessons for the future. Scaling up means expanding, replicating, adapting, and sustaining successful policies, programs, or projects to reach a greater number of people; it is part of a broader process of innovation and learning. A new idea, model, or approach is typically embodied in a pilot project of limited impact; with monitoring and evaluation, the knowledge acquired from the pilot experience can be used to scale up the model to create larger impacts. The process generally occurs in an iterative and interactive cycle, as the experience from scaling up feeds back into new ideas and learning. The authors of the 20 policy briefs included here explore the experience of scaling up successful interventions in agriculture, rural development, and nutrition under five broad headings: (1) the role of rural community engagement, (2) the importance of value chains, (3) the intricacies of scaling up nutrition interventions, (4) the lessons learned from institutional approaches, and (5) the experience of international aid donors. There is no blueprint for when and how to take an intervention to scale, but the examples and experiences described in this series of policy briefs offer important insights into how to address the key global issues of agricultural productivity, food insecurity, and rural poverty. Table of Contents: •Overview: Pathways, Drivers, and Spaces by Johannes F. Linn •Investing in Agriculture to Reduce Poverty and Hunger by Kevin Cleaver •Moving Local- and Community-Driven Development from Boutique to Large Scale by Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize and Jacomina P. de Regt •Empowering Local Communities in the Highlands of Peru by Barbara Massler •Rehabilitating China’s Loess Plateau by John Mackedon •Building on Successes with Regreening in the West African Sahel by Chris Reij •Scaling Up Agricultural Value Chains for Pro-Poor Development by Arntraud Hartmann •Scaling Up Agricultural Supply Chains in the Private Sector by Beth Sauerhaft and Ian Hope-Johnstone •SUN: A Global Movement to Accelerate Reduction of Maternal and Child Undernutrition? by David Nabarro, Purnima Menon, Marie Ruel, and Sivan Yosef •Alive & Thrive: Expanding Community Interventions to Improve Nutrition in Bangladesh by Raisul Haque, Kaosar Afsana, Tina Sanghvi, Saiqa Siraj, and Purnima Menon •Delivering Nutrients Widely through Biofortification: Building on Orange Sweet Potato by Howdy Bouis and Yassir Islam •Addressing Institutional Challenges to Large-scale Implementation by Richard Kohl •Aga Khan Development Network: Expanding Rural Support Programs in South Asia by Henri Suter, Leanne Sedowski, and Joanne Trotter •SEWA: Supporting Village-Level Organizations to Improve Rural Livelihoods by Raj M. Desai and Shareen Joshi •Oxfam America: Learning from the System of Rice Intensification in Northern Vietnam by Gina E. Castillo, Minh Nguyet Le, and Kimberly Pfeifer •The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Catalyzing Agricultural Innovation by Prabhu Pingali •IFAD: Adopting a New Systematic Approach to Scaling Up Agricultural and Rural Development by Cheikh M. Sourang •Learning from the Experience of Vertical Funds by Keith Bezanson, Paul Isenman, and Alex Shakow •Going to Scale in Fragile States: Can it Work? Should We Try? by Laurence Chandy •Lessons on Scaling-up: Opportunities and Challenges for the Future by Johannes F. Linn

Scaling up in agriculture, rural development, and nutrition

The current international system of institutions and governance groups is proving inadequate to meet many of today's most important challenges, such as terrorism, poverty, nuclear proliferation, financial integration, and climate change. The International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and UN were founded after World War II, and their structures of voting power and representation have become obsolete, no longer reflecting today's balance of economic and political power. This insightful book examines how to make such institutions more responsive and effective. Institutional reform is critically needed but currently in stalemate. A new push is needed from powerful nations acting together through a reformed and enlarged G-8 that includes emerging economies, such as China and India. Global challenges demand integrated approaches, with greater coordination among international institutions. Global Governance Reform argues that without reconstituting the Group of 8 summit into a larger, more representative group of leaders, with a new mandate to provide strategic guidance to the system of international institutions, the world will fall further behind in addressing global challenges. The path to global reform is defined by the need to act in coordinated ways on summit and institutional reform, and this book lights the way.

Global Governance Reform: Breaking the Stalemate

The global development community is teeming with different ideas and interventions to improve the lives of the world's poorest people. Whether these succeed in having a transformative impact depends not just on their individual brilliance but on whether they can be brought to a scale where they reach millions of poor people. Getting to Scale explores what it takes to expand the reach of development solutions beyond an individual village or pilot program so they serve poor people everywhere. Each chapter documents one or more contemporary case studies, which together provide a body of evidence on how scale can be pursued. The book suggests that the challenge of scaling up can be divided into two solutions: financing interventions at scale, and managing delivery to large numbers of beneficiaries. Neither governments, donors, charities, nor corporations are usually capable of overcoming these twin challenges alone, indicating that partnerships are key to success. Scaling up is mission critical if extreme poverty is to be vanquished in our lifetime. Getting to Scale provides an invaluable resource for development practitioners, analysts, and students on a topic that remains largely unexplored and poorly understood. Contributors: Tessa Bold (Goethe University, Frankfurt), Wolfgang Fengler (World Bank, Nairobi), David Gartner (Arizona State University, USA), Shunichiro Honda (JICA Research Institute), Michael Joseph (Vodafone), Hiroshi Kato (JICA), Mwangi Kimenyi (Brookings), Michael Kubzansky (Monitor Inclusive Markets), Germano Mwabu (University of Nairobi, Kenya), Jane Nelson (Harvard Kennedy School, USA), Alice Ng'ang'a (Strathmore University, Nairobi), Justin Sandefur (Center for Global Development), Pauline Vaughan (consultant), Chris West (Shell Foundation).

/pdf/getting-to-scale-how-to-bring-development-solutions-to-47mkj8vrj8.pdf

Johannes F. Linn

Papers

Cities in the Developing World: Policies for Their Equitable and Efficient Growth

Scaling up in agriculture, rural development, and nutrition

Global Governance Reform: Breaking the Stalemate

Scaling up in agriculture, rural development, and nutrition

Getting to Scale: How to Bring Development Solutions to Millions of Poor People