• Describe the role of grafting in human history. • Distinguish between the use of seedling and clonal rootstocks. • Describe how natural grafting can affect tree performance. • Describe how the rootstock and scion heal together during grafting. • Define how specific genetic, environmental, and management factors and polarity affect graft success. • Determine what kinds of plants can be grafted. • Define graft incompatibility— its symptoms, causes, and control. • Describe important ways the rootstock (root system) influences the scion (shoot system) and vice versa. 11 Principles of Grafting and Budding

A History of Grafting

Apple fruit quality: Overview on pre-harvest factors

Biology of Apples and Pears is a comprehensive reference book on all aspects of pomology at the organ, tree and orchard level. It provides detailed information on propagation, root and shoot growth, root stock effects, canopy development in relation to orchard design, flowering, pollination, fruit set, fruit growth, fruit quality factors and quality retention in store. It also deals with mineral nutrition, water-relations and irrigation, diseases and pests and biotechnology. The book emphasises the scientific basis of modern tree and orchard management and fruit storage. It describes key cultivar differences and their physiology and genetics and environmental effects and cultivar x environment interactions in tropical and sub-tropical as well as temperate zone conditions. It is written for fruit growers, extension workers, plant breeders, biotechnologists and storage and crop protection specialists as well as for researchers and students of pomology and horticulture.

The Biology of Apples and Pears

Description: Horticultural Reviews presents state–of–the–art reviews on topics in the horticultural sciences. The emphasis is on applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commerical importance. The title appears in the form of two volumes per year. These articles perform the valuable function of collecting, comparing, and contrasting the primary journal literature in order to form an overview of the topic. This detailed analysis bridges the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists.

Analyzing Fruit Tree Architecture: Implications for Tree Management and Fruit Production

Chapter 1 Foliar Habit and Leaf Longevity Chapter 2 Leaves: Evolution, ontogeny and death Chapter 3 Quantifying Leaf Longevity Chapter 4 Theories of Leaf Longevity Chapter 5 Phylogenetic Variation in Leaf Longevity Chapter 6 Key Elements of Foliar Function Chapter 7 Endogenous Influences on Leaf Longevity Chapter 8 Exogenous Influences on Leaf Longevity Chapter 9 Biogeography of Leaf Longevity and Foliar habit Chapter 10 Ecosystem perspectives on leaf longevity References Index

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Ecology of Leaf Longevity

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Malus sylvestris var. domestica, crop density, analysis of covariance, least squares means ABSTRACT. The influence of rootstock on average fruit weight was evaluated for a subset of data from a multilocation NC-140 apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.) rootstock trial. Data for eight dwarf rootstocks were collected at four locations for 2 years. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the effect of rootstock on average fruit weight when crop density or number of fruit per tree was included in the linear model as a covariate. When number of fruit harvested per tree was used as a covariate, average fruit weight was not affected by rootstock in either year in Ontario. In Michigan and Virginia, rootstock and number of fruit per tree, but not the rootstock × number of fruit interaction, were significant, so common slopes models were used to estimate least squares means for average fruit weight. In general, trees on M.27 and P.1 produced the smallest fruit, and trees on B.9, M.9 EMLA, and Mac.39 produced the largest fruit. In New York the interaction of rootstock × number of fruit was significant, so least squares means were estimated at three levels of number of fruit per tree. Both years, at all levels of number of fruit, trees on M.26 EMLA produced the smallest fruit and trees on M.27 EMLA produced the largest fruit. Average fruit weight was most affected by number of fruit per tree when Mark was the rootstock. In general, results were similar when crop density was used as the covariate, except that trees on M.27 EMLA did not produce small fruit in Michigan and Ontario.

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Effect of Apple Rootstocks on Average `Gala' Fruit Weight at Four Locations after Adjusting for Crop Load

Specific leaf weight (SLW), net photosynthesis (Pn), and dark respiration (Rd) of apple leaves were monitored for an entire growing season. Leaves were sampled from the canopy interior and periphery to provide a range of SLW. Leaf Pnwas linearly correlated with SLW until mid-August, when Pnbegan to decline. During September the relationship between SLW and Pnwas a quadratic. Leaf Rdand SLW were linearly correlated throughout the season. Leaf Pnand Rdwere significantly correlated through most of the season, but the relationship was not always linear. Specific leaf weight appears to be a reliable index of the previous light environment of a leaf, but use to estimate Pnis probably limited to the first half of the season, because of increased variation after mid-August.

John A. Barden

Papers

Effect of Apple Rootstocks on Average `Gala' Fruit Weight at Four Locations after Adjusting for Crop Load

Seasonal correlations of specific leaf weight to net photosynthesis and dark respiration of apple leaves.

Rootstock effects on growth and fruiting of a spur-type and a standard strain of 'Delicious' over eighteen years.

Rootstock affects ripening, size, mineral composition, and storability of 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' in the 1980-81 NC-140 cooperative planting.

Comparison of methods to express growth, size, and productivity of apple trees.