An attempt has been made to understand the hydrogeochemical parameters to develop water quality index in Thirumanimuttar sub-basin. A total of 148 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions. The domination of cations and anions was in the order of Na>Mg>Ca>K for cations and Cl>HCO(3) >SO(4) in anions. The hydrogeochemical facies indicate alkalis (Na and K) exceed alkaline earths (Ca and Mg) and strong acids (Cl and SO(4)) exceed weak acid (HCO(3)). Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify overall water quality for human consumption. The PRM samples exhibit poor quality in greater percentage when compared with POM due to effective leaching of ions, over exploitation of groundwater, direct discharge of effluents and agricultural impact. The overlay of WQI with chloride and EC correspond to the same locations indicating the poor quality of groundwater in the study area. SAR, Na%, and TH were noted higher during both the seasons indicating most of the groundwater locations not suitable for irrigation purposes.

Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India

Groundwater is a vital source of water for domestic and agricultural activities in the Tefenni plain. Therefore, groundwater quality, seasonal variations and its suitability for drinking, irrigation and industrial usage were evaluated. In this study, 56 water samples were collected from springs, wells, and lake in dry and wet seasons. Ca–Mg–HCO3, Mg–Ca–HCO3, Na–CO3–Cl, and Na–HCO3–Cl water types are the dominant water types in the investigation area. Parameters, which are controlled to chemical variations of groundwater, were analyzed with R-mode factor and correlation analysis. According to R-mode factor analysis, total dissolved solids, Na, Cl, HCO3, and NH3 are the most important parameters. In addition, Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied to suitability for drinking purpose and to investigation of groundwater quality. Quality of groundwaters are suitable for drinkable both dry and wet season in study area. In terms of the irrigation and industrial usage, generally groundwater is suitable in dry season but is not suitable in wet season. Groundwater chemistry is affected with water–rock interaction and densely agricultural activities.

Evaluation of the groundwater quality with WQI (Water Quality Index) and multivariate analysis: a case study of the Tefenni plain (Burdur/Turkey)

Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and GIS technique in Modjo River Basin, central Ethiopia

Groundwater is the most important natural resource used for drinking by many people around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The resource cannot be optimally used and sustained unless the quality of groundwater is assessed. Saveh-Nobaran aquifer in Iran is the most important groundwater aquiferous system in the region which is considered a major source for drinking and irrigation. The main objective of this study is to understand the groundwater quality status of Saveh-Nobaran aquifer, followed by attempts to investigate the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters to identify places with the best quality for drinking consume within the study area. For this purpose, a set of original data, as yet unpublished, is presented. This paper provides an important contribution for understanding relationship between land use and groundwater quality, and also groundwater depth and groundwater quality. This goal has been achieved with the combined use of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and a geographical information system (GIS). A total of 58 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions. Spatial distribution maps of pH, TDS, EC, TH, Cl, HCO, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na and K have been created using the kriging method in a GIS environment. From the WQI assessment, over 65 % of the water samples fall within the ‘‘Poor’’, ‘‘Very poor’’ and “unsuitable for drinking” categories, suggesting that groundwater from the center and north-east of the Saveh-Nobaran aquifer is unsuitable for drinking purposes. This research and its results have shown the great combination use of GIS and WQI in assessing groundwater quality. Having a clear view of the geographic areas of groundwater quality, decision makers can plan better for the operation and maintenance of groundwater resources.

http://can.ut.ac.ir/member/journal/ebrahimi/04%20Dr%20Ebrahimi%20K.pdf

Groundwater quality assessment using the Water Quality Index and GIS in Saveh-Nobaran aquifer, Iran

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Hydrochemical characterization and quality appraisal of groundwater from Pungar sub basin, Tamilnadu, India

The study area Mettur forms an important industrial town situated NW of Salem district. The geology of the area is mainly composed of Archean crystalline metamorphic complexes. To identify the major process activated for controlling the groundwater chemistry an attempt has been made by collecting a total of 46 groundwater samples for two different seasons, viz., pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The groundwater chemistry is dominated by silicate weathering and (Na + Mg) and (Cl + SO4) accounts of about 90% of cations and anions. The contribution of (Ca + Mg) and (Na + K) to total cations and HCO3 indicates the domination of silicate weathering as major sources for cations. The plot for Na to Cl indicates higher Cl in both seasons, derived from Anthropogenic (human) sources from fertilizer, road salt, human and animal waste, and industrial applications, minor representations of Na also indicates source from weathering of silicate-bearing minerals. The plot for Na/Cl to EC indicates Na released from silicate weathering process which is also supported by higher HCO3 values in both the seasons. Ion exchange process is also activated in the study area which is indicated by shifting to right in plot for Ca + Mg to SO4 + HCO3. The plot of Na-Cl to Ca + Mg-HCO3-SO4 confirms that Ca, Mg and Na concentrations in groundwater are derived from aquifer materials. Thermodynamic plot indicates that groundwater is in equilibrium with kaolinite, muscovite and chlorite minerals. Saturation index of silicate and carbonate minerals indicate oversaturation during pre-monsoon and undersaturation during post-monsoon, conforming dissolution and dilution process. In general, water chemistry is guided by complex weathering process, ion exchange along with influence of Cl ions from anthropogenic impact.

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Identification of major sources controlling groundwater chemistry from a hard rock terrain - A case study from Mettur taluk, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India

The Gadilam river basin in Tamilnadu is characterized by different geological formation viz. Archaean, Cretaceous, Tertiary to Recent Alluvium and groundwater serves as the major source for domestic, agriculture and other water-related activities. Forty four groundwater samples were collected during summer and post monsoon. Twenty three samples were analysed for stable isotopes (δO and δD). Geochemical signatures of groundwater were used to identify the chemical processes that control hydrogeochemsitry. Chemical parameters of groundwater such as pH, EC, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, SO4, PO4 and H4SiO4 were determined. Interpretation of hydrogeochemical data ascribes that secondary leaching, saline water intrusion and anthropogenic impact in this regime. Interpretation of δO and δD indicates recharge from the meteoric water in Tertiary aquifer and from evaporated water in Alluvium aquifer.

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Identification of the geochemical processes in coastal groundwater using hydrogeochemical and isotopic data: A Case study of the Gadilam river basin in southern India

John A Peter

Papers

Identification of major sources controlling groundwater chemistry from a hard rock terrain - A case study from Mettur taluk, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India

Identification of the geochemical processes in coastal groundwater using hydrogeochemical and isotopic data: A Case study of the Gadilam river basin in southern India