Racialized science seeks to explain human population differences in health, intelligence, education, and wealth as the consequence of immutable, biologically based differences between "racial" groups. Recent advances in the sequencing of the human genome and in an understanding of biological correlates of behavior have fueled racialized science, despite evidence that racial groups are not genetically discrete, reliably measured, or scientifically meaningful. Yet even these counterarguments often fail to take into account the origin and history of the idea of race. This article reviews the origins of the concept of race, placing the contemporary discussion of racial differences in an anthropological and historical context.

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Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race.

This article reviews the historical development of statistical weather models, from simple analyses of runs of consecutive rainy and dry days at single sites, through to multisite models of daily precipitation. Weather generators have been used extensively in water engineering design and in agricultural, ecosystem and hydrological impact studies as a means of in-filling missing data or for producing indefinitely long synthetic weather series from finite station records. We begin by describing the statistical properties of the rainfall occurrence and amount processes which are necessary precursors to the simulation of other (dependent) meteorological variables. The relationship between these daily weather models and lower-frequency variations in climate statistics is considered next, noting that conventional weather generator techniques often fail to capture wholly interannual variability. Possible solutions to this deficiency - such as the use of mixtures of slowly and rapidly varying conditioning variabl...

The weather generation game: a review of stochastic weather models

I propose the theory that agriculture originated independently in three different areas and that, in each case, there was a system composed of a center of origin and a noncenter, in which activities of domestication were dispersed over a span of 5,000 to 10,000 kilometers. One system includes a definable Near East center and a noncenter in Africa; another system includes a North Chinese center and a noncenter in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific; the third system includes a Mesoamerican center and a South American noncenter. There are suggestions that, in each case, the center and noncenter interact with each other. Crops did not necessarily originate in centers (in any conventional concept of the term), nor did agriculture necessarily develop in a geographical "center."

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/174/4008/468.full.pdf

Agricultural Origins: Centers and Noncenters

Book description: Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology provides an invaluable overview of geoarchaeology and how it can be used effectively in the study of archaeological sites and contexts. Taking a pragmatic and functional approach, this book presents: a fundamental, broad-based perspective of the essentials of modern geoarchaeology in order to demonstrate the breadth of the approaches and the depth of the problems that it can tackle. The rapid advances made in the area in recent years, but also gives the reader a firm grasp of conventional approaches. Covers traditional topics with the emphasis on landscapes, as well as anthropogenic site formation processes and their investigation. Provides guidelines for the presentation of field and laboratory methods and the reporting of geoarchaeological results. Essential reading for archaeology undergraduate and graduate students, practicing archaeologists and geoscientists who need to understand and apply geoarchaeological methodologies.

Practical and theoretical geoarchaeology

The new C.A.H. rolls majestically on its way. The Fifth Century (covering in effect 478-404 B.C.), though shorter than volume IV, is still (at 2 lbs. 5 ozs.) a substantial book and a reviewer who has read it from cover to cover (ineluctably, but with a faint sense of absurdity, for what normal reader will do the same?) harbours the uncomfortable conviction that it is now time to begin again, like painting the Forth Bridge. But although most readers will treat this as a reference book to dip into, not to swallow whole, its organization has a rationale which is worth grasping. After an initial chapter on sources, chronology and method, the first third of the volume charts a (mostly) political and chronological path through the Pentecontaetia in Greece and the Aegean, with a chapter on Sicily as coda. There is then a marked change of tempo as chapter eight, containing some two hundred pages by seven different authors, provides a wide-ranging thematic survey of culture and society. The final third returns to the original key with three very substantial chapters on the Peloponnesian War. At the end are short chronological notes, a chronological table, a good (though not always completely up-to-date) bibliography, in the style of earlier volumes, and a reasonably full index (but no index locorum). The ' political' chapters are, to mince no words, wholly admirable, both in selection of material and soundness of judgement. The reasoning is (naturally) often debatable but never indefensible. D. M. Lewis's chapter on sources lays a reassuringly sound foundation in treating Thucydides as a great historian whose ' high competence and devotion to truth are not to be doubted'. J. K. Davies, after a perceptive discussion of what made Greeks feel Greek, argues less conventionally that the 470s constitute a period of uncomfortable transition for the polis. Two chapters by P. J. Rhodes (on the Delian League to 449 B.c. and on Athenian internal affairs down to Pericles' ascendancy) and two by D. M. Lewis (on Mainland Greece 479-51 B.C., and on the Thirty Years Peace) provide a massively judicious survey of political developments. (Among judgements of interest note the view that Thucydides' figure of 460 talents for initial tribute may have come from an over-optimistic assessment list; the Delian League may have been initiated as a permanent alliance to bind Athens as much as the allies; the chronological Gordian knot of the 470s and 460s is cut by supposing that Themistocles' flight coincided neither with the siege of Naxos nor that of Thasos (this is over-sceptical); Dipaea is put before the Messenian war and Oenoe almost disappears in 456. The Messenian war goes on till 456/5, leading to a treatment of Athenian policy as relatively aggressive in the early 450s.) After a slightly shaky start, where it is unclear whether Sicily is being divided into four political blocs or six, D. Asheri provides a most useful excursus on Sicily from 478 to 431 B.C. (Why, however, are the Greeks in S. Italy excluded, and why is attention to Sicily after 431 confined to a Peloponnesian War perspective?) The rationale of the central sections (chapter 8) is explained in the Preface as being that the old separate chapters on drama, philosophy, historiography and art 'have been replaced by an attempt to show the cultural achievements in their historical, social and religious contexts'. In the present reviewer's opinion (admittedly a non-

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The Cambridge ancient history.

Greek Burial Customs

The Greeks Overseas

Athenian Black Figure Vases

Athenian Red Figure Vases. The Archaic Period

The nature of the evidence the background the eastern adventure the Greeks in Egypt Italy, Sicily, and the west the north and the Black Sea.

John Boardman

Papers

Greek Burial Customs

The Greeks Overseas

Athenian Black Figure Vases

Athenian Red Figure Vases. The Archaic Period

The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade