Extracts from the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Kalanchoe
crenata were screened for their antimicrobial activities. Solvents
used included water, methanol, and local solvents such as palmwine,
local gin (Seaman's Schnapps 40% alcoholic drink,) and "omi ekan-ogi"
(Sour water from 3 days fermented milled maize). Leaves were dried and
powdered before being soaked in solvents for 3 days. Another
traditional method of extraction by squeezing raw juice from the leaves
was also employed. All extracts were lyophilized. These extracts were
tested against some Gram-negative organisms ( Escherichia coli	 ATCC
25922, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella
pneumoniae , Shigella flexneri , Salmonella paratyphi , Citrobacter
spp); Gram-positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25213,
Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis , Bacillus subtilis )
and a fungus ( Candida albicans ). Agar well diffusion and broth
dilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at
concentrations of 512mg/ml to 4mg/ml. All the organisms except Candida
albicans were susceptible to the extracts obtained from the traditional
method. The squeezed-leaf juice of Kalanchoe crenata was the most
active one with MIC of 8 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis, 32 mg/ml against Shigella
flexneri, 64 mg/ml against Escherichia coli and 128 mg/ml against the
control strain Staphylococcus aureus while its MBC is 256 mg/ml against
these organisms except Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The
Gram-positive organisms were more sensitive to the methanol and local
gin-extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Extracts from other solvents
showed moderate to weak activity.

/pdf/in-vitro-antimicrobial-activity-of-crude-extracts-from-2nk3s03gpy.pdf

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Of Crude Extracts From PlantsBryophyllum Pinnatum And Kalanchoe Crenata

Ethnobotanical study of selected medicinal plants traditionally used in the rural Greater Mpigi region of Uganda.

Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of flavonoids compounds isolated from Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Arn. (Fabaceae)

Medicinal plants are vital sources of easily accessible remedy used in the countryside healthcare system. This study aimed to find and make record of plants that are used for medicinal therapy by three communities living in Cherangani Hills. So far no single study has documented medicinal plants as a whole in the area. Ethnobotanical data were obtained through interviewing informants using semi-structured questionnaires and extracting information from journals and books. Descriptive statistical analysis was applied to describe the data. Overall 296 plant species from 80 families and 191 genera were identified. Asteraceae family was the most dominant, representing 10.7% of the total plant species recorded. Roots (35.9%) represented the most commonly used parts of the plant. The commonly used method of preparation was decoction (54.9%). The reported diseases were classified into 14 diverse ailment groups out of the 81 health conditions on their underlying user reports. Rural communities in Cherangani Hills are rich sources of plants with medicinal properties. Therapeutic uses of the compiled plants provide basic information that can aid scientists to conduct additional research dedicated to conservation of species and pharmacological studies of species with the greatest significance.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/3/331/pdf

Medicinal Plants and Their Traditional Uses in Local Communities around Cherangani Hills, Western Kenya

Malaria is one of the serious health problems in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Its treatment has been met with chronic failure due to pathogenic resistance to the currently available drugs. This review attempts to compile phytotherapeutical information on antimalarial plants in Kenya based on electronic data. A comprehensive web search was conducted in multidisciplinary databases, and a total of 286 plant species from 75 families, distributed among 192 genera, were retrieved. Globally, about 139 (48.6%) of the species have been investigated for antiplasmodial (18%) or antimalarial activities (97.1%) with promising results. However, there is no record on the antimalarial activity of about 51.4% of the species used although they could be potential sources of antimalarial remedies. Analysis of ethnomedicinal recipes indicated that mainly leaves (27.7%) and roots (19.4%) of shrubs (33.2%), trees (30.1%), and herbs (29.7%) are used for preparation of antimalarial decoctions (70.5%) and infusions (5.4%) in Kenya. The study highlighted a rich diversity of indigenous antimalarial plants with equally divergent herbal remedy preparation and use pattern. Further research is required to validate the therapeutic potential of antimalarial compounds from the unstudied claimed species. Although some species were investigated for their antimalarial efficacies, their toxicity and safety aspects need to be further investigated.

/pdf/antimalarial-plants-used-across-kenyan-communities-4nenv5aq86.pdf

Antimalarial Plants Used across Kenyan Communities.

Objective:Traditional medicinal plants have long been used to treat various ailments in Keiyo district. However to date there are no records on medicinal plants used by the Keiyo despite threats of rapid disappearance of indigenous knowledge from deforestation, overexploitation among other factors. The purpose of the study was to document medicinal plants used by the Keiyo community in order to preserve traditional medical knowledge for future research and potential development of new drugs. Methods:The research team comprised of professionals from the fields of medicine and botany. Local leaders, community elders, church leaders and other stakeholders were used to identify herbalists and convince them to provide information. Semi structured interviews, group discussions and observations were used to collect information on traditional knowledge from herbalists. Details of the medical conditions treated, herbal preparations used, treatment methods, local plant names and methods of collection of herbs were recorded. 
Results:A total of 73 medicinal plant species belonging to 33 families were identified, used to treat 46 common human and three veterinary diseases. Leucas calostachys was the most widely used (17 medicinal uses) followed by Vachelia xanthophloea (10), Carissa edulis (9), Trimeria grandifolia (8), Terminalia brownii (7) and Rhamnus prinoides (6). Heartburn was treated using the largest number of plants (17) followed by cancer (9). Eight plants were used to either treat infertility in women or arthritis, whereas peptic ulcers, hypertension, headache, chest congestion and colic pains were each treated using seven plants. 
Conclusions:The study provides information on medicinal and healing methods used by the Keiyo community. It also revealed that traditional medicines are still widely used in Keiyo district. Some of the identified plants have been demonstrated to possess pharmacological activities related to those mentioned by the herbalists.

Ethnomedicinal Plants Traditionally Used by the Keiyo Community in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya

Background: An inventory of the medicinal plants used by herbalists to treat various ailments in Tindiret area of Nandi County, Kenya
was conducted by a team comprising of medical researchers and botanists with a view to preserve indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge
and potential research and development of new drugs.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected from practicing herbalists through semi-structured interviews, group discussions and
observations. The types of medical conditions treated, treatment methods as well as the plants used were recorded.
Results and Conclusion: A total of 50 medicinal plants belonging to 28 families used for the treatment of 32 medical conditions were
recorded. The disease conditions which were treated by the highest number of plants were abdominal/colic pains with 15 different plants
recorded (13%), respiratory disorders 15(13%) and infertility14 (12%). The most widely used medicinal plants were Vernonia
amygdalina 7(7%), Toddalia asiatica 6(6%), Aloe kedongensis 5(5%) and Zanthoxylum gilletii 5(5%); whereas the families with the
highest number of plant usage were Fabaceae 8(14%), Lamiaceae 4(8%) and Solanaceae 4(8%) plants respectively. The study
documents important ethno-medical knowledge on the plants used by herbalists in Tindiret sub-county.

/pdf/ethnopharmacological-survey-of-the-medicinal-plants-used-in-5a2o9siedy.pdf

John Kibosia

Papers

Ethnomedicinal Plants Traditionally Used by the Keiyo Community in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya

Ethnopharmacological survey of the medicinal plants used in tindiret, nandi county, kenya