The authors provide an initial test of the animosity model of foreign product purchase in the People's Republic of China. In contrast to Shimp and Sharma's (1987) CETSCALE, the model predicts that ...

The Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the People's Republic of China:

The authors report the results of two experiments designed to test the effects of extrinsic cues—price, brand name, store name, and country of origin—on consumers’ perceptions of quality, sacrifice, and value. The results of the experiments support hypothesized linkages between (a) each of the four experimentally manipulated extrinsic cues and perceived quality, (b) price and perceived sacrifice, (c) perceived quality and perceived value, and (d) perceived sacrifice and perceived value. The results also indicate that the linkages between the extrinsic cues and perceived value are mediated by perceived quality and sacrifice.

The effects of extrinsic product cues on consumers’ perceptions of quality, sacrifice, and value

Marketing scholars' interest in the influence of source countries on product evaluations has intensified during the past twenty-five years. As this research tradition has evolved, the literature has gradually gained more depth and sophistication. Nevertheless, research in this area lacks a common conceptual framework. Furthermore, research priorities with regard to the role of this area of inquiry within the broader field of consumer behavior, marketing and general business decisions have not been made clear. This article rationalizes the buying decision processes within the context of source-country influences and offers a conceptual framework for further development. In addition, it links country-level considerations to firm-level decisionmaking, thus providing a foundation for meaningful managerial decisions.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8490213.pdf

Customer Evaluation of Products in a Global Market

This paper presents evidence that international animosity and consumer ethnocentrism are distinct constructs that play different roles depending on the set of products available to consumers. Results show that animosity toward a foreign nation is related to choices between foreign goods, while consumer ethnocentrism is related to choices between domestic and foreign goods. Further, the study finds animosity effects even though anger levels are generally low, thus extending the boundaries of the animosity model of foreign purchase. The study focuses on U.S. consumer views of Japan and Japanese products. Implications for decisions concerning global versus local branding strategies are discussed.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8491020.pdf

Us Versus Them, or Us Versus Everyone? Delineating Consumer Aversion to Foreign Goods

Advances in international marketing

While substantial research has been done on the competitive struggle between U.S. and Japanese consumer products, few studies have examined the U.S. Japan rivalry from a neutral-third country perspective. This study, covering a ten-year period (1975–1985) of data collection, examines changes in Finnish perceptions of U.S. and Japanese consumer products and marketing efforts. Results indicate that while Finnish consumer perceptions of U.S. products and marketing efforts have improved over time, the corresponding perceptions of the Japanese alternative have improved substantially more. Similarly, in areas where U.S. competitors had initial advantages, the study results indicate that by 1985 Japanese firms were able to overcome such advantages and were perceived as superior in all categories.

A Longitudinal Study Comparing Perceptions of U.S. and Japanese Consumer Products in a Third/Neutral Country: Finland 1975 to 1985

Introduction Growing internationalization during the past three decades has become one of the most pervasive influences in business today. This is true for both the export manager responsible for positioning a firm's products in various foreign markets and for the marketing executive responsible for managing the competitive interaction of a firm's products with foreign products in a particular domestic market. As a consequence, the impact of national boundaries on the marketplace has continued to diminish. To compete successfully in this broad arena, marketing managers must have a thorough understanding of, and empathy for, the different needs and preferences of consumers in the various markets within which a firm interacts. Consumer attitudes toward both products and the related marketing practices naturally have a major influence on purchase behavior. In addition, consumer attitudes toward products from different countries can be a major factor in determining successful marketing strategies. We will present here a longitudinal analysis of the general attitudes of consumers in a foreign country, Finland, toward the products imported from the United States, japan, and selected European countries. We will also compare these consumer attitudes toward various dimensions of the related marketing mix strategies. It should be noted that the methodology for analyzing export opportunities is applicable by any company for any foreign country.

The competitive position abroad of products and marketing practices of the united states, japan, and selected european countries

Foreign consumers' perspective of the products and marketing practices of the United States versus selected European countries

Despite the increased frequency and major importance of strategic alliances in the pharmaceutical industry, little is known about the formation of these alliances, or factors by which these alliances affect the business practices. The present study centers on strategic alliances formation in the pharmaceutical industry. A contingency approach is employed to analyze the formation of strategic alliances. Finally, suggestions are made regarding the empirical research needed in order to enhance our ability to explain formation of strategic alliances in the pharmaceutical industry.

An analysis of the formulation of strategic alliances: a focus on the pharmaceutical industry

Organisational excellence and leadership strategies are of primary importance to successful international business firms today. The keys to organisational excellence focus on four primary factors. First, the firm must take good care of its customers via superior product quality and exceptional service. Second, the firm must constantly innovate. Third, there must exist committed people within the organisation. Fourth, effective managerial leadership must be exercised to connect the other three. Effective managerial leadership is, in turn, reflected in four major strategies: attention through vision, meaning through communication, trust through positioning, and confidence through respect. The management of attention through vision helps to create a focus for the organisation. The creation of meaning through communication involves the capacity to relate a compelling image of a desired state of affairs. Trust through positioning is reflected in managers who make themselves known, and make their positions clear. Confidence through respect is achieved by managers who reflect a positive self‐regard and who are able to bring out the best in others through the inducement of a positive other‐regard.

John R. Darling

Papers

A Longitudinal Study Comparing Perceptions of U.S. and Japanese Consumer Products in a Third/Neutral Country: Finland 1975 to 1985

The competitive position abroad of products and marketing practices of the united states, japan, and selected european countries

Foreign consumers' perspective of the products and marketing practices of the United States versus selected European countries

An analysis of the formulation of strategic alliances: a focus on the pharmaceutical industry

International management leadership strategies