A comprehensive review is presented of the extractive metallurgy of rare earths. The topics covered are: world rare earth resources and production; ore processing and separation of individual rare earths; reduction, refining, and ultrapurification of rare earth elements; methods for rare earth materials analysis; and a selection of the numerous rare earth applications. World rare earth reserves are abundant and would last for well beyond the next century. However, all of the 16 naturally occurring rare earth elements are not equally distributed in the ore minerals. This, compounded with the problems specific to the isolation and recovery of each of the rare earths, sets the stage for an unequal rare earth availability. The close chemical similarity of rare earths looses its importance when divergent physical properties determine the processes for rare earth element reduction and refining. The rare earth metals, alloys, and compounds have been as pure as could be determined. Finally, the commercial...

Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/309915.pdf

A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions

Review on hydrometallurgical recovery of rare earth metals

Towards zero-waste valorisation of rare-earth-containing industrial process residues: a critical review

Lithium-ion battery is a mature technology that is used in various electronic devices. Nowadays, this technology is a good candidate as energy storage for electric vehicles. Therefore, much research is focused on the development of high-density power lithium-ion batteries. Government regulations force manufacturers to recycle the batteries for safety and health reasons but recycling could also be interesting from an economic viewpoint since cathodes in lithium-ion batteries contain valuable metals. The electrodes in lithium-ion batteries will evolve to provide more energy and the recycling processes will have to fit with this evolution. Leaching, bioleaching and solvent extraction are at the centre of these processes. In this paper, recent leaching and solvent extraction strategies for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries are reviewed and the evolution of these processes is discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium‐ion batteries

Solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel by organophosphorus acids I. Comparison of phosphoric, phosphonic and phosphonic acid systems

The recovery of rare earth oxides from a phosphoric acid by-product. Part 1: Leaching of rare earth values and recovery of a mixed rare earth oxide by solvent extraction

The solvent extraction of palladium(II), platinum(II), platinum (IV), rhodium(III), iridium(III) and iridium(IV) from hydrochloric acid solutions by some dialkyl sulphoxides of the types R2SO, RR′SO and R2′SO, where R=alkyl and R′=cycloalkyl, was investigated. The order of extraction of these metals by 0.50 M di-n-hexyl sulphoxide in xylene from solutions containing 1 to 6 M hydrochloric acid was found to be Pd(II)> Pt(II)> Ir(IV)>Pt(IV)>Rh(III)>Ir(III). Metal-distribution studies suggest that iridium(IV) and platinum(IV) are extracted in the form of ion-pairs such as (L3ċH3O+)2IrCl6 2- and (L2ċH3O+) (L3ċH3O+)PtCl6 2-, where L=dialkyl sulphoxide. In the case of palladium(II), and probably platinum(II) also, the sulphoxide apparently displaces one or two of the chloride ligands from the chlorometallate anion (MCl4 2-), and the distribution data are consistent with the extraction of PdCl2L2 at low hydrochloric acid concentrations (1–2 M) and (L2ċH3O+)PdCl3L− at higher concentrations (4–6 M). The sl...

Solvent extraction of platinum-group metals from hydrochloric acid solutions by dialkyl sulphoxides

The solvent extraction of the trivalent lanthanides and yttrium from nitrate media by solutions of carboxylic acids in xylene has been studied. Commercially available carboxylic acids such as Versatic 10 and naphthenic acids were used, as well as model compounds of known structure, such as 2-ethylhexanoic and 3-cyclohexylpropanoic acids. In a few cases, extraction of the metals from sulphate and chloride solutions was also investigated. The dependence of the extraction properties of the carboxylic acids on the atomic number of the lanthanide shows a definite relationship to the steric bulk of the carboxylic acid molecule quantified by means of the steric parameter, Es′ of the substituent alkyl; group. For sterically hindered acids (− Es′ > 2) the pH0.5 of extraction decreases more or less continuously from lanthanum through to lutetium, and the behaviour of yttrium most closely resembles that of the middle lanthanides, such as gadolinium or terbium. For straight-chain and other non-hindered acids...

John S. Preston

Papers

Solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel by organophosphorus acids I. Comparison of phosphoric, phosphonic and phosphonic acid systems

The recovery of rare earth oxides from a phosphoric acid by-product. Part 1: Leaching of rare earth values and recovery of a mixed rare earth oxide by solvent extraction

Solvent extraction of platinum-group metals from hydrochloric acid solutions by dialkyl sulphoxides

The solvent extraction of rare-earth metals by carboxylic acids

Separation of nickel and calcium by solvent extraction using mixtures of carboxylic acids and alkylpyridines