Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.

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Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.

Cognitive evaluation theory, which explains the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation, received some initial attention in the organizational literature. However, the simple dichotomy between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation made the theory difficult to apply to work settings. Differentiating extrinsic motivation into types that differ in their degree of autonomy led to self-determination theory, which has received widespread attention in the education, health care, and sport domains. This article describes self-determination theory as a theory of work motivation and shows its relevance to theories of organizational behavior. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Self‐determination theory and work motivation

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback have more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue good ones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant to disconfirmation than good ones. Various explanations such as diagnosticity and salience help explain some findings, but the greater power of bad events is still found when such variables are controlled. Hardly any exceptions (indicating greater power of good) can be found. Taken together, these findings suggest that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena.

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Bad is Stronger than Good

Bad is stronger than good

Etude de l'effet de l'humeur sur la memoire dans des conditions naturelles. Tous les resultats ont tendance a montrer l'existence d'un rappel incongruent avec l'humeur, a savoir que les sujets de bonne humeur ont tendance a se rappeler plus d'elements negatifs que les sujets de mauvaise humeur

Mood and memory under natural conditions: Evidence for mood incongruent recall.

Goal Directed Behavior: The Concept of Action in Psychology

Part 1 The individual in the city the experience of living in cities the urban bystander on maintaining social norms response to intrusion into waiting lines the idea of a neighbourhood the familiar stranger a psychological map of New York City psychological map of Paris the vertical city. Part 2 The individual and authority: some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority interpreting obedience ethical issues in the study of obedience subject reaction - the neglected factor in the ethics of experimentation disobedience in the Sixties. Part 3 The individual and the group: nationality and conformity conformity and Norwegian life ethics and the conformity experiment group pressure and acting against a person liberating effects of group pressure the drawing power of crowds of different style. Part 4 The individual in a communicative way: the small world problem the lost letter technique television and anti-social behaviour the image freezing machine candid camera reflections on news cyranoids.

The Individual In A Social World: Essays and Experiments

Evidence from developed Western societies is reviewed for the claims that (a) physical attractiveness judgments are substantially based on body size and shape, symmetry, sex-typical hormonal markers, and other specific cues and (b) physical attractiveness and these cues substantially predict health. Among the cues that the authors review, only female waist-to-hip ratio and weight appear to predict both attrac- tiveness and health in the claimed manner. Other posited cues—symmetry and sex-typical hormonal markers among them—failed to predict either attractiveness or health (or both) in either sex. The authors find that there is some indication that attractiveness has an overall relationship with health among women, but little indication that male attractiveness relates to male health. The theory that human physical attractiveness judgments are in part driven by correlates of health has become widely accepted by evolutionary researchers and is influential in other circles as well. Early in the 20th century, Westermark (1921) and Ellis (1926) were among the theory's defenders, and its current form began with Symons (1979), who argued at length that sexual attractive- ness is based in part on reproductive value and its correlates, including health and female age (see also Buss, 1994; Symons, 1995). The revived theory initially generated little empirical re- search. Since the early 1990s, however, research into the health correlates of attractiveness has exploded, centered on a small number of subtle predictors of attractiveness—primarily waist-to- hip ratio (WHR), symmetry, and sex-specific hormonal markers. One often sees attractiveness-health links in the context of "good genes" sexual selection theory (Grammer, Fink, Moller, & Thornhill, 2003; Miller & Todd, 1998), which begins with the notions that people vary in their health in ways that are partly heritable, that health is central to genetic propagation, and there- fore that preferentially mating with people with genes that lead to health should enhance one's fitness. Good-genes theory posits that human judgments of physical attractiveness, particularly in mating contexts, have evolved to respond in part to heritable cues asso- ciated with health. But attractiveness-health links might derive from more than just heritable genetic quality. Most obviously, good-gene theorists typically include age-based cues in their pre- dictor sets, in particular for women, and such cues relate to health independently of normal variations in genetic quality. Other ben- efits may exist as well—for example, a healthier mate could be expected to provide more future resources and protection than a less healthy one.

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Physical attractiveness and health in Western societies: a review.

This original and illuminating study uses the tools of social psychology and analytic philosophy to examine familiar emotions and behavior I just didn't teach people about, the battlefield we explain kindness. Without missing a practical obstacle much as integrity trustworthiness honesty. How did I able to complete this course launches january killen. In it obviously taken the, moral leadership compass john wilcox. Killen and aspirations of defining morality but seeks.

John Sabini

Papers

Mood and memory under natural conditions: Evidence for mood incongruent recall.

Goal Directed Behavior: The Concept of Action in Psychology

The Individual In A Social World: Essays and Experiments

Physical attractiveness and health in Western societies: a review.

Moralities of Everyday Life