Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the universals in the content and structure of values, concentrating on the theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries, and its four basic issues: substantive contents of human values; identification of comprehensive set of values; extent to which the meaning of particular values was equivalent for different groups of people; and how the relations among different values was structured. Substantial progress has been made toward resolving each of these issues. Ten motivationally distinct value types that were likely to be recognized within and across cultures and used to form value priorities were identified. Set of value types that was relatively comprehensive, encompassing virtually all the types of values to which individuals attribute at least moderate importance as criteria of evaluation was demonstrated. The evidence from 20 countries was assembled, showing that the meaning of the value types and most of the single values that constitute them was reasonably equivalent across most groups. Two basic dimensions that organize value systems into an integrated motivational structure with consistent value conflicts and compatibilities were discovered. By identifying universal aspects of value content and structure, the chapter has laid the foundations for investigating culture-specific aspects in the future.

Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries

Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology

There is wide agreement about the major goals of economic policy: high employment, stable prices, and rapid growth. There is less agreement that these goals are mutually compatible or, among those who regard them as incompatible, about the terms at which they can and should be substituted for one another. There is least agreement about the role that various instruments of policy can and should play in achieving the several goals.

/pdf/the-role-of-monetary-policy-42dlhe1ho6.pdf

The role of monetary policy

Prior to the twentieth century, theories of knowledge were inherently perceptual. Since then, developments in logic, statis- tics, and programming languages have inspired amodal theories that rest on principles fundamentally different from those underlying perception. In addition, perceptual approaches have become widely viewed as untenable because they are assumed to implement record- ing systems, not conceptual systems. A perceptual theory of knowledge is developed here in the context of current cognitive science and neuroscience. During perceptual experience, association areas in the brain capture bottom-up patterns of activation in sensory-motor areas. Later, in a top-down manner, association areas partially reactivate sensory-motor areas to implement perceptual symbols. The stor- age and reactivation of perceptual symbols operates at the level of perceptual components - not at the level of holistic perceptual expe- riences. Through the use of selective attention, schematic representations of perceptual components are extracted from experience and stored in memory (e.g., individual memories of green, purr, hot). As memories of the same component become organized around a com- mon frame, they implement a simulator that produces limitless simulations of the component (e.g., simulations of purr). Not only do such simulators develop for aspects of sensory experience, they also develop for aspects of proprioception (e.g., lift, run) and introspec- tion (e.g., compare, memory, happy, hungry). Once established, these simulators implement a basic conceptual system that represents types, supports categorization, and produces categorical inferences. These simulators further support productivity, propositions, and ab- stract concepts, thereby implementing a fully functional conceptual system. Productivity results from integrating simulators combinato- rially and recursively to produce complex simulations. Propositions result from binding simulators to perceived individuals to represent type-token relations. Abstract concepts are grounded in complex simulations of combined physical and introspective events. Thus, a per- ceptual theory of knowledge can implement a fully functional conceptual system while avoiding problems associated with amodal sym- bol systems. Implications for cognition, neuroscience, evolution, development, and artificial intelligence are explored.

/pdf/perceptual-symbol-systems-4spsk97r61.pdf

Perceptual symbol systems.

Consumer researchers' growing interest in consumer experiences has revealed that many consumption activities produce both hedonic and utilitarian outcomes. Thus, there is an increasing need for scales to assess consumer perceptions of both hedonic and utilitarian values. This article describes the development of a scale measuring both values obtained from the pervasive consumption experience of shopping. The authors develop and validate the scale using a multistep process. The results demonstrate that distinct hedonic and utilitarian shopping value dimensions exist and are related to a number of important consumption variables. Implications for further applications of the scale are discussed.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2489765.pdf

Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value

Book III. On Induction (continued): 14. Of the limits to the explanation of laws of nature and of hypotheses 15. Of progressive effects and of the continued action of causes 16. Of empirical laws 17. Of chance, and its elimination 18. Of the calculation of chances 19. Of the extension of derivative laws to adjacent cases 20. Of analogy 21. Of the evidence of the law of universal causation 22. Of uniformities of co-existence not dependent upon causation 23. Of approximate generalizations, and probable evidence 24. Of the remaining laws of nature 25. Of the grounds of disbelief Book IV. Of Operations Subsidiary to Induction: 1. Of observation, and description 2. Of abstraction, of the formation of conceptions 3. Of naming, as subsidiary to induction 4. Of the requisites of a philosophical language and the principles of definition 5. Of the natural history of the variations in the meaning of terms 6. The principles of a philosophical language further considered 7. Of classification, as subsidiary to induction 8. Of classification by series Book V. On Fallacies: 1. Of fallacies in general 2. Classification of fallacies 3. Fallacies of simple inspection, or ... priori fallacies 4. Fallacies of observation 5. Fallacies of generalization 6. Fallacies of ratiocination 7. Fallacies of confusion Book VI. On the Logic of the Moral Sciences: 1. Introductory remarks 2. Of liberty and necessity 3. That there is, or may be, a science of human nature 4. Of the laws of mind 5. Of ethology, or the science of the formation of character 6. General considerations on the social science 7. Of the chemical, or experimental method in the social science 8. Of the geometrical, or abstract method 9. Of the physical, or concrete deductive method 10. Of the inverse deductive, or historical method 11. Of the logic of practice, or art including morality and policy.

A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive : Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation

"On Liberty" "Utilitarianiam" "Cosiderations on Representative Government" "The Subjection of Women".

On Liberty and Other Essays

Utilitarianism, Liberty, and Representative Government

These five essays represent Mill's earliest thoughts in economic matters and were first composed in 1829 and 1830 before his reputation had been established by the publication of "Logic" in 1843. Their successful reception no doubt hastened the composition of his comprehensive work the "Principles of Political Economy" (1848).

Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy

One of the most important nineteenth-century schools of thought, Utilitarianism propounds the view that the value or rightness of an action rests in how well it promotes the welfare of those affected by it, aiming for 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number'. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was the movement's founder, as much a social reformer as a philosopher. His greatest interpreter, John Stuart Mill (1806-73), set out to humanize Bentham's pragmatic Utilitarianism by balancing the claims of reason and the imagination, individuality and social well-being in essays such as 'Bentham', 'Coleridge' and, above all, Utilitarianism. The works by Bentham and Mill collected in this volume show the creation and development of a system of ethics that has had an enduring influence on moral philosophy and legislative policy.

John Stuart Mill

Papers

A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive : Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation

On Liberty and Other Essays

Utilitarianism, Liberty, and Representative Government

Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy

Utilitarianism and Other Essays