Among various water purification and recycling technologies, adsorption is a fast, inexpensive and universal method. The development of low-cost adsorbents has led to the rapid growth of research interests in this field. The present protocol describes salient features of adsorption and details experimental methodologies for the development and characterization of low-cost adsorbents, water treatment and recycling using adsorption technology including batch processes and column operations. The protocol describes the development of inexpensive adsorbents from waste materials, which takes only 1-2 days, and an adsorption process taking 15-120 min for the removal of pollutants. The applications of batch and column processes are discussed, along with suggestions to make this technology more popular and applicable.

/pdf/advances-in-water-treatment-by-adsorption-technology-jevlg7pb9w.pdf

Advances in water treatment by adsorption technology

We present new analytical data of major and trace elements for the geological MPI-DING glasses KL2-G, ML3B-G, StHs6/80-G, GOR128-G, GOR132-G, BM90/21-G, T1-G, and ATHO-G. Different analytical methods were used to obtain a large spectrum of major and trace element data, in particular, EPMA, SIMS, LA-ICPMS, and isotope dilution by TIMS and ICPMS. Altogether, more than 60 qualified geochemical laboratories worldwide contributed to the analyses, allowing us to present new reference and information values and their uncertainties (at 95% confidence level) for up to 74 elements. We complied with the recommendations for the certification of geological reference materials by the International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG). The reference values were derived from the results of 16 independent techniques, including definitive (isotope dilution) and comparative bulk (e.g., INAA, ICPMS, SSMS) and microanalytical (e.g., LA-ICPMS, SIMS, EPMA) methods. Agreement between two or more independent methods and the use of definitive methods provided traceability to the fullest extent possible. We also present new and recently published data for the isotopic compositions of H, B, Li, O, Ca, Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb. The results were mainly obtained by high-precision bulk techniques, such as TIMS and MC-ICPMS. In addition, LA-ICPMS and SIMS isotope data of B, Li, and Pb are presented.

/pdf/mpi-ding-reference-glasses-for-in-situ-microanalysis-new-2gtmtexuej.pdf

MPI-DING reference glasses for in situ microanalysis: New reference values for element concentrations and isotope ratios

A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements

The lead-lead isochron age of chondrules in the CR chondrite Acfer 059 is 4564.7 ± 0.6 million years ago (Ma), whereas the lead isotopic age of calcium-aluminum–rich inclusions (CAIs) in the CV chondrite Efremovka is 4567.2 ± 0.6 Ma. This gives an interval of 2.5 ± 1.2 million years (My) between formation of the CV CAIs and the CR chondrules and indicates that CAI- and chondrule-forming events lasted for at least 1.3 My. This time interval is consistent with a 2- to 3-My age difference between CR CAIs and chondrules inferred from the differences in their initial26Al/27Al ratios and supports the chronological significance of the 26Al-26Mg systematics.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/297/5587/1678.full.pdf

Lead Isotopic Ages of Chondrules and Calcium-Aluminum-Rich Inclusions

https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/4616/Tephrochronology%20and%20its%20application.pdf;sequence=2

Tephrochronology and its application: A review

Chemical characterization of individual microparticles is of importance to a number of applications including air pollution and occupational health research, pathology, geology and cosmochemistry (e.g., background tropospheric aerosols and interplanetary dust particles), experimental petrology, corrosion and pigments research, forensic chemistry, fallout and explosives studies, and a variety of materials research areas. A number of microbeam analysis techniques have proven useful for such chemical characterization (e.g., optical microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, LAMMA, ion microprobe analysis). One of the most commonly used techniques is x-ray emission analysis with electron microbeam instruments (electron microprobe, SEM, analytical electron microscope). Size distribution, morphometric, electron diffraction and qualitative elemental analysis of microparticles have become straightforward applications for electron microbeam instruments; however, quantitative elemental analysis of individual microparticles has remained one of the most difficult applications for these instruments and has been seriously pursued by relatively few researchers. This paper will consider analytical techniques and correction procedures to enable quantitative analysis of individual microparticles and the magnitude of analytical error to be expected in using these procedures.

Quantitative Elemental Analysis of Individual Microparticles with Electron Beam Instruments

Quantitative chemical analysis of individual microparticles using the electron microprobe. Theoretical

The Blue Angel. I - The mineralogy and petrogenesis of a hibonite inclusion from the Murchison meteorite

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John T. Armstrong

Papers

Quantitative Elemental Analysis of Individual Microparticles with Electron Beam Instruments

Quantitative chemical analysis of individual microparticles using the electron microprobe. Theoretical

The Blue Angel. I - The mineralogy and petrogenesis of a hibonite inclusion from the Murchison meteorite

Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Microanalysis, and Analytical Electron Microscopy : A Laboratory Workbook

Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Microanalysis and Analytical Electron Microscopy