During the past twenty years, the demand for high octane motor fuels has resulted in the installation of catalytic naphtha reforming capacity at a much higher rate than was forecasted by some of the

Catalytic Naphtha Reforming

Clean distillate useful as a diesel fuel or diesel blending stock is produced from Fischer-Tropsch wax by separating wax into heavier and lighter fractions; further separating the lighter fraction and hydroisomerizing the heavier fraction and that portion of the light fraction below about 500° F. The isomerized product is blended with the untreated portion of the lighter fraction.

Synthetic diesel fuel and process for its production

Low sulfur gasoline is produced from an olefinic, cracked, sulfur-containing naphtha by treatment over an acidic catalyst, preferably an intermediate pore size zeolite such as ZSM-5 to crack low octane paraffins and olefins under relatively mild conditions, with limited aromatization of olefins and naphthenes. This is followed by hydrodesulfurization over a hydrotreating catalyst such as CoMo on alumina. The initial treatment over the acidic catalyst removes the olefins which would otherwise be saturated in the hydrodesulfurization, consuming hydrogen and lowering product octane, and converts them to compounds which make a positive contribution to octane. Overall liquid yield is high, typically at least 90 % or higher. Product aromatics are typically increased by no more than 25 wt.% relative to the feed and may be lower than the feed.

Hydrocarbon upgrading process

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of sulfur in catalytic hydrogenation reactions. One of the most severe causes of metallic catalyst poisoning is the adsorption of species containing sulfur. Sulfur-containing compounds are present in natural sources of hydrocarbons, and are found in industrial feedstocks. The poisoning of metallic catalysts by sulfur has been extensively studied, essentially on nickel, palladium, and platinum, for numerous reactions and consequently under very different experimental conditions, particularly for temperatures ranging from 300 to 1300 K. Such desorptions, depending on the metal-sulfur binding energy and the thermodynamic properties of the surface-adlayer interface, play an important role in controlling the sulfur coverage. The distribution of adsorbed sulfur on the metallic surface and the resulting effect on activity and selectivity of the metal depends on this coverage. At low coverage, for which interactions between adjacent adatoms are negligible, sulfur atoms adsorbed on a heterogeneous surface are located on sites that have the highest binding energies. At higher coverages, sulfur atoms could be gathered into islands. Catalytic reactions performed at low temperatures (below 400 K) show that adsorption of sulfur-containing compounds is then irreversible, the equilibrium being wholly displaced toward the left.

Role of Sulfur in Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions

Clean distillate useful as a jet fuel or jet blending stock is produced from Fischer-Tropsch wax by separating wax into heavier and lighter fractions; further separating the lighter fraction and hydroisomerizing the heavier fraction and that portion of the light fraction above about 475 °F. The isomerized product is blended with the untreated portion of the lighter fraction to produce high quality, clean, jet fuel.

John W Teter

Papers

Hydroforming Reactions - Effect of Certain Catalyst Properties and Poisons

Platinum-alumina catalyst manufacture

Reforming light hydrocarbons with a platinum alumina catalyst

Production of alcohols and ethers

Alumina catalyst base