Devices and methods for heating a fluid to normothermic temperature prior to delivery of the fluid to a patient are disclosed. In one embodiment, a fluid to be warmed prior to delivery to a patient can be passed through a polymeric, flow-through chamber disposed in the fluid delivery line. An electrically resistive heating element for heating the fluid can be molded into the chamber to heat the fluid from room or ambient storage temperatures to a normothermic or body temperature of the patient. A probe of a temperature monitoring element can be used to monitor the temperature of the fluid exiting the chamber. In another embodiment, this information can be relayed back to a controller for controlling the power to the resistance element and hence, the temperature of the fluid. In still another embodiment, an infrared temperature sensor can be used for monitoring the temperature on the fluid exiting the chamber by scanning through a window in the outlet port of the chamber or elsewhere in the fluid line.

Fluid warming system

An overheating protection system for a spa and the spa's associated equipment. Elements include: a heating element for heating the spa's water, an infrared sensor for detecting the amount of infrared radiation emitted by the heating element, a heating element deactivation device electrically connected to the heating element and the infrared sensor, wherein the heating element deactivation device is for deactivating the heating element. In a preferred embodiment, the heating element deactivation device is an electric circuit comprising a comparator circuit and a control circuit.

Infrared sensor for hot tub spa heating element

A method of manufacturing an aerofoil for a gas turbine engine (10). The method comprises the steps of providing first and second panels (16, 18), providing a web (30) between the first and second panels, deforming the panels by applying internal pressure between the panels so as to form an internal cavity. The method further includes the step of providing a pattern of ribs (60) on the web so as to define a aerofoil having first and second panels with at least one rib (60) forming a protrusion extending from the first panel partially across the space between the first and second panels.

Component with a damping filler

A dryer (35) for a printing press uses an electric heater (45) to heat air that flows into an air plenum. The heated air flows out of the plenum at high velocity through an array of orifices (43) that have a diameter of about 1.016mm (0.040 inch). The high velocity air impinges on ink which is printed on a web by the press.

Dryer for flexographic and gravure printing

A fully integrated drying or heating system (13) utilizes forced air and electrical heaters. A solid cadridge heater (12, 17) is enclosed within a compact air plenum (15) with a circuitous air path (19) arranged within the plenum in heat transfer communication with the heater. The plenums are shaped and configured to bai used in banks of plural plenums, with the operating controls and all the components of the air distribution system and air heating system fully integrated into a modular package.

Compact integrated forced air drying system

An electric air or gas heater includes a plurality of equal diameter elongated linear serpentine resistive wire heating elements circularly arranged in parallel about a common axis and disposed within a cylindrical chamber having separable air or gas entrance and exit sections at its opposite ends. Each heating element is disposed in a close-fitting ceramic or quartz tube. The tubes are supported by discs at the opposite ends of the chamber which block air or gas flow outside the cross-sectional area of the tubes. Each heating element has a ceramic cylinder extending through the center thereof through which a wire for electrically connecting adjacent pairs of heating elements extends.

Electric air or gas heater utilizing a plurality or serpentine heating elements

A heater is provided that has a temperature sensing control system which can be used for both temperature control and over-temperature protection against element burnout. The temperature control system is comprised of an inlet temperature sensing assembly positioned at the inlet to the heater element and an exit thermocouple positioned in the exit end of the heater element. The exit thermocouple may be used for control the heater temperature and provide over-temperature protection. The inlet temperature sensing assembly is used to detect low or no air flow conditions which could lead to heater element failure.

Heater with burnout protection

A forced gas electric heater has a serpentine heating element disposed within a cylindrical glass tube. Infrared radiation emanating from the heating element enters the glass tube whereby part of the infrared radiation is directed within the wall of the glass tube to the edge of the glass tube. An infrared sensor is in line of sight with the edge of the glass tube. The infrared sensor senses the hot spot temperature of the heating element and, together with a controller, limits the maximum hot spot temperature of the heating element.

Electric fluid heater with infrared hot spot sensor

A socket (5) for a double-ended lamp (12) comprises a pair of opposed connectors (10) including single-piece ceramic housings (14) each having a top surface (16) and a bottom surface (18) and including a contact receiving area (20) formed in the top surface (16). An electrical contact (22) is positioned in the contact receiving area (20) and secured by any suitable means. The electrical contact (22) has a rectangular base (24) with two sides (26, 28) and two ends (30, 32). Opposed, upright walls (34, 36) extend from the sides (26, 28) of the base (24), and an upright clip (38) extends from one end of the base, for example, end (30). The upright walls (34, 36) and the upright clip (38) have portions projecting beyond the top surface (16) of the ceramic housing (14) to receive an end (40) of the lamp (12) therein. The electrical contact (22) is further mounted within a supplemental spring (50) having opposed legs (54, 56) which are adjacent to the upright walls (34, 36) of the contact. The legs (54, 56) engage the upright walls (34, 36), particularly when a lamp is inserted, providing increased tension thereto. The opposed connectors (10) are separated by a given distance and attached to a connecting bar (70).

Jonathan B. Arold

Papers

Electric air or gas heater utilizing a plurality or serpentine heating elements

Heater with burnout protection

Electric fluid heater with infrared hot spot sensor

High temperature lamp connector and socket for double-ended lamp

Electric forced air or gas heater