Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is basically an emission spectroscopy technique where atoms and ions are primarily formed in their excited states as a result of interaction between a tightly focused laser beam and the material sample. The interaction between matter and high-density photons generates a plasma plume, which evolves with time and may eventually acquire thermodynamic equilibrium. One of the important features of this technique is that it does not require any sample preparation, unlike conventional spectroscopic analytical techniques. Samples in the form of solids, liquids, gels, gases, plasmas and biological materials (like teeth, leaf or blood) can be studied with almost equal ease.LIBS has rapidly developed into a major analytical technology with the capability of detecting all chemical elements in a sample, of real- time response, and of close-contact or stand-off analysis of targets. The present book has been written by active specialists in this field, it includes the basic principles, the latest developments in instrumentation and the applications of LIBS. It will be useful to analytical chemists and spectroscopists as an important source of information and also to graduate students and researchers engaged in the fields of combustion, environmental science, and planetary and space exploration. It features: recent research work, possible future applications and LIBS Principles.

Chapter 12 – Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Advanced Analytical Technique

PART ONE: PRODUCING DATA - Where Does Data Come From? - Samples, Good and Bad - What Do Samples Tell Us? - Sample Surveys in the Real World - Experiments, Good and Bad - Experiments in the Real World - Data Ethics - Measuring - Do the Numbers Make Sense? - Review I: Producing Data - PART TWO: ORGANIZING DATA - Graphs Good and Bad - Displaying Distributions with Graphs - Describing Distributions with Numbers - Normal Distributions - Describing Relationships: Scatterplots and Correlation - Describing Relationships: Regression, Prediction, and Causation - The Consumer Price Index and Government Statistics - Review II: Organizing Data - PART THREE: CHANCE - Thinking about Chance - Probability Models - Simulation - The House Edge: Expected Values - Review III: Chance - PART FOUR: INFERENCE - What is a Confidence Interval? - What is a Test of Significance? - Use and Abuse of Statistical Inference - Two-Way Tables and the Chi-square Test - Inference About a Population Means - PART FOUR: Review

Statistics, Concepts and Controversies

Degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene in PAHs-contaminated soil using Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains isolated from oil spill sites.

The purpose of this research was to apply the use of direct ablation plasma spectroscopic techniques, including spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SIBS) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), to a variety of environmental mat rices. These were applied to two different analytical problems. SIBS instrumenta tion was adapted in order to develop a fieldable monitor for the measurement of carbon in soil. SIBS spectra in the 200 nm to 400 nm region of several soils were collected, and the neutral carbon line (247.85 nm) was compared to total carbon concentration determined by standard dry combustion analysis. Additionally, Fe and Si were evaluated in a multivariate model in order to determine their impacts on the model’s predictive pow er for total carbon concentrations. The results indicate that SIBS is a viable met hod to quantify total carbon levels in soils; obtaining a good correlation between measured nd predicated carbon in soils. These results indicate that multivariate analys is c n be used to construct a calibration model for SIBS soil spectra, and SIBS is a promising met hod for the determination of total soil carbon. SIBS was also applied to the study of biological warfare agent simulants. Elemental compositions (determined independently) of bioaerosol samples were compared to the SIBS atomic (Ca, Al, Fe and Si) and molecular (CN, N 2 and OH)

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Plasma Spectroscopic Techniques Applied to Biological and Environmental Matrices

LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY ON BACTERIAL SAMPLES BY JONATHAN DIEDRICH December 2007 Advisor: Dr. Steven J. Rehse

Jonathan Diedrich

Papers

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy on bacterial samples