Jordi Rosell

TL;DR: The discovery of a human mandible associated with an assemblage of Mode 1 lithic tools and faunal remains bearing traces of hominin processing in stratigraphic level TE9 at the site of the Sima del Elefante, Atapuerca, Spain emerges as the oldest, most accurately dated record of human occupation in Europe, to the authors' knowledge.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the evidence provided by three sites (Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina, and Galeria) located in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril of the Sierra de Atapuerca.

TL;DR: The association involved the direct intervention of Neanderthals on the bones of these birds, which is interpreted as evidence of extraction of large flight feathers, a major advance in the study of human evolution.

TL;DR: The characteristics of this fossil assemblage suggest that it is solely the result of consumptive activities as there is no evidence of ritual or other intention, andlight differences have been observed between fauna and humans that appear related to different musculature, weight, and bone structure.

TL;DR: Geochemical analysis of the epigenetic coating over the engravings and experimental replication show that the engraving was made before accumulation of the archaeological layers, and that most of the lines composing the design were made by repeatedly and carefully passing a pointed lithic tool into the grooves, excluding the possibility of an unintentional or utilitarian origin.