Soil Chemical Analysis

The jellium model of simple metal clusters has enjoyed remarkable empirical success, leading to many theoretical questions. In this review, we first survey the hierarchy of theoretical approximations leading to the model. We then describe the jellium model in detail, including various extensions. One important and useful approximation is the local-density approximation to exchange and correlation effects, which greatly simplifies self-consistent calculations of the electronic structure. Another valuable tool is the semiclassical approximation to the single-particle density matrix, which gives a theoretical framework to connect the properties of large clusters with the bulk and macroscopic surface properties. The physical properties discussed in this review are the ground-state binding energies, the ionization potentials, and the dipole polarizabilities. We also treat the collective electronic excitations from the point of view of the cluster response, including some useful sum rules.

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The physics of simple metal clusters: self-consistent jellium model and semiclassical approaches

The nuclear shell model predicts that the next doubly magic shell closure beyond ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ is at a proton number between $Z=114$ and 126 and at a neutron number $N=184.$ The outstanding aim of experimental investigations is the exploration of this region of spherical superheavy elements (SHE's). This article describes the experimental methods that led to the identification of elements 107 to 112 at GSI, Darmstadt. Excitation functions were measured for the one-neutron evaporation channel of cold-fusion reactions using lead and bismuth targets. The maximum cross section was measured at beam energies well below a fusion barrier estimated in one dimension. These studies indicate that the transfer of nucleons is an important process for the initiation of fusion. The recent efforts at JINR, Dubna, to investigate the hot-fusion reaction for the production of SHE's using actinide targets are also presented. First results were obtained on the synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes of elements 112 and 114. However, the most surprising result was achieved in 1999 at LBNL, Berkeley. In a study of the reaction ${}^{86}{\mathrm{K}\mathrm{r}+}^{208}{\mathrm{Pb}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{294}{118}^{*},$ three decay chains were measured and assigned to the superheavy nucleus ${}^{293}118.$ The decay data reveal that, for the heaviest elements, the dominant decay mode is alpha emission, not fission. The results are discussed in the framework of theoretical models. This article also presents plans for the further development of the experimental setup and the application of new techniques. At a higher sensitivity, the exploration of the region of spherical SHE's now seems to be feasible, more than 30 years after its prediction.

The discovery of the heaviest elements

RIPL – Reference Input Parameter Library for Calculation of Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Data Evaluations

https://t2.lanl.gov/nis/molleretal/publications/ADNDT-66-1997-131-text.pdf

Nuclear properties for astrophysical and radioactive-ion-beam applications

https://escholarship.org/content/qt21j8j5sd/qt21j8j5sd.pdf?t=p21mve

One-body dissipation and the super-viscidity of nuclei

https://escholarship.org/content/qt3m58m2x9/qt3m58m2x9.pdf?t=mp929n

The disassembly of nuclear matter

Fluctuations in one-body dynamics

https://escholarship.org/content/qt1c89x7kz/qt1c89x7kz.pdf?t=p0jvbh

Jørgen Randrup

Papers

One-body dissipation and the super-viscidity of nuclei

The disassembly of nuclear matter

Fluctuations in one-body dynamics

New developments in the calculation of β-strength functions

Explosion-evaporation model for fragment production in medium-energy nuclear collisions