This study utilizes regression discontinuity to examine the long-run impacts of the mita, an extensive forced mining labor system in effect in Peru and Bolivia between 1573 and 1812. Results indicate that a mita effect lowers household consumption by around 25% and increases the prevalence of stunted growth in children by around six percentage points in subjected districts today. Using data from the Spanish Empire and Peruvian Republic to trace channels of institutional persistence, I show that the mita's influence has persisted through its impacts on land tenure and public goods provision. Mita districts historically had fewer large landowners and lower educational attainment. Today, they are less integrated into road networks, and their residents are substantially more likely to be subsistence farmers.

The Persistent Effects of Peru's Mining Mita

This article describes a Windows program that enables users to obtain a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of word and nonword stimuli in Spanish, including word frequency, syllable frequency, bigram and biphone frequency, orthographic similarity, orthographic and phonological structure, concreteness, familiarity, imageability, valence, arousal, and age-of-acquisition measures. It is designed for use by researchers in psycholinguistics, particularly those concerned with recognition of isolated words. The program computes measures of orthographic similarity online, with respect to either a default vocabulary of 31,491 Spanish words or a vocabulary specified by the user. In addition to providing standard orthographic and phonological neighborhood measures, the program can be used to obtain information about other forms of orthographic similarity, such as transposed-letter similarity and embedded-word similarity. It is available, free of charge, from the following Web site: www.maccs.mq.edu.au/~colin/B-Pal.

/pdf/buscapalabras-a-program-for-deriving-orthographic-and-3ozu3oolu1.pdf

BuscaPalabras: A program for deriving orthographic and phonological neighborhood statistics and other psycholinguistic indices in Spanish

This article presents the Spanish adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW; Bradley & Lang, 1999). The norms are based on 720 participants’ assessments of the translation into Spanish of the 1,034 words included in the ANEW. The evaluations were done in the dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Apart from these dimensions, five objective (number of letters, number of syllables, grammatical class, frequency and number of orthographic neighbors) and three subjective (familiarity, concreteness and imageability) psycholinguistic indexes are included. The Spanish adaptation of ANEW can be downloaded at www.psychonomic.org.

/pdf/the-spanish-adaptation-of-anew-affective-norms-for-english-4xmgj9r6p6.pdf

The Spanish adaptation of ANEW (affective norms for English words).

This study aims to examine students' perception of the term used to label cyberbullying, the perception of different forms and behaviours (written, verbal, visual, exclusion and impersonation) and the perception of the criteria used for its definition (imbalance of power, intention, repetition, anonymity and publicity) in three different European countries: Italy, Spain and Germany. Seventy adolescents took part in nine focus groups, using the same interview guide across countries. Thematic analysis focused on three main themes related to: (1) the term used to label cyberbullying, (2) the different behaviours representing cyberbullying, (3) the three traditional criteria of intentionality, imbalance of power and repetition and the two new criteria of anonymity and publicity. Results showed that the best word to label cyberbullying is 'cybermobbing' (in Germany), 'virtual' or 'cyber-bullying' (in Italy), and 'harassment' or 'harassment via Internet or mobile phone' (in Spain). Impersonation cannot be considered wholly as cyberbullying behaviour. In order to define a cyberbullying act, adolescents need to know whether the action was done intentionally to harm the victim, the effect on the victim and the repetition of the action (this latter criterion evaluated simultaneously with the publicity). Information about the anonymity and publicity contributes to better understand the nature and the severity of the act, the potential effects on the victim and the intentionality.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1037291100001072

Cyberbullying: Labels, Behaviours and Definition in Three European Countries

Los ecosistemas regionales de innovacion - ERI, en los paises de economias emergentes, surgen como una alternativa para fortalecer el desarrollo de los territorios con base en las dinamicas de la sociedad, que logran la integracion de esfuerzos hacia la consecucion de un mismo objetivo. Sin embargo, actualmente las relaciones entre los actores de ERI son debiles, desaparecen en el tiempo y presentan duplicidad de funciones. El presente trabajo se propone identificar cual es el rol de las instituciones educativas para fortalecer Ecosistemas Regionales de Innovacion a partir del enfoque de gestion por competencias a traves de la metodologia de estudio de caso unico aplicada a un territorio definido. Se concluye que es necesario fortalecer las instituciones a nivel interno desde sus competencias organizacionales para que, en su rol dinamizador del sistema, adopten mecanismos para fomentar el interes y lograr la articulacion con los demas agentes del ERI en relaciones coordinadas que perduren en el tiempo y que generen proyectos que beneficien a los habitantes en el territorio.

Propuesta para la estructuración de ecosistemas regionales de innovación a partir del rol de Instituciones educativas con base en el enfoque de gestión por competencias

José Alemany y Bolúfer

Papers

Diccionario de la lengua española