Saponin isolated from medicinal plants is a naturally occurring bioorganic molecule with high molecular weight and its aglycone water non soluble part nucleus having to carbon atoms besides one or two sugar moieties water soluble part containing at least or carbon atoms respectively The complexity of saponin chemistry maybe considered as a gap for many scientists and researchers to understand the relationship between the chemical structure and its medical or pharmaceutical behavior Recently the increase in demand of saponin applications was observed due to various biological medicinal and pharmaceutical actions Therefore this present review article provides detailed information about the chemistry of saponin especially triterpenoid saponin Classifications chemical structure the possible traditional isolation ways qualitative and quantitative determination of saponins were included exclusively Examples of mono and bidesmosidic structure of oleanolic acid and hederagenin also outlined Structural differences between triterpenoid steroid and alkaloid glycosides were summarized according to their atoms rings and functional groups

https://medcrave.org.medcraveonline.com/index.php/JNMR/article/download/16838/31341

A review on saponins from medicinal plants chemistry isolation and determination

Anti-diabetic activity of Holothuria thomasi saponin.

Rapid industrial development is responsible for severe problems related to environmental pollution. Many human and industrial activities require different metals and, as a result, great amounts of metals/heavy metals are discharged into the water and soil making them dangerous for both human and ecosystems and this is being aggravated by intensive demand and utilization. In addition, compounds with metal binding capacities are needed to be used for several purposes including in activities related to the removal and/or recovery of metals from effluents and soils, as metals' corrosion inhibitors, in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and as metal related pharmaceuticals, preferably a with minimum risks associated to the environment. Plants are able to synthesize an uncountable number of compounds with numerous functions, including compounds with metal binding capabilities. In fact, some of the plants' secondary metabolites can bind to various metals through different mechanisms, as such they are excellent sources of such compounds due to their high availability and vast diversity. In addition, the use of plant-based compounds is desirable from an environmental and economical point of view, thus being potential candidates for utilization in different industrial activities, replacing conventional physiochemical methods. This review focuses on the ability of some classes of compounds that can be found in relatively high concentrations in plants, having good metal binding capacities and thus with potential utilization in metal based industrial activities and that can be involved in the progressive development of new environmentally friendly strategies.

A review of plant metabolites with metal interaction capacity: a green approach for industrial applications

Arsenic, a metalloid is omnipresent in the environment in both organic and inorganic forms, the most common form being arsenopyrite. Inorganic forms of arsenic namely arsenite and arsenate show more toxicity in humans than their organic counterparts. Arsenic is commonly referred to as king of poisons and poison of kings because it is potent, discreet, easily available, odorless and tasteless; hence it can be easily camouflaged in food (Hughes et al., 2011). This metalloid is mainly present naturally in local bedrocks. It is introduced into the soil during weathering of rocks and minerals, their leaching and runoff or from anthropogenic sources. The source of inorganic arsenic is primarily geological, while organic arsenic is found in abundance in marine life. Surface water gets contaminated when geothermal fluids, rich ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 10 (2014) pp. 34-47 http://www.ijcmas.com

https://www.ijcmas.com/vol-3-10/Madhumita%20Roy,%20et%20al.pdf

Arsenic: an alarming global concern.

Maguey, Agave salmiana, is an important plant for the “pulque” beverage and functional food industries; however, it has several constraints for elite and homogeneous plant production. In this study, a micropropagation process was established to generate in vitro plants. The effect of the method on metabolite content and antioxidant (AOX) activity in regenerated plants was evaluated. Young germinated plantlets were micropropagated from axillary shoots using Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with L2 vitamins, 0.04 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 10 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine. Total soluble sugars from the aqueous fraction and total phenolic acids, total saponins, and AOX activity of the methanol fraction were determined in wild type (WT) plants, in in vitro (IN) plants, and ex vitro acclimated plants (EN). The results showed that IN plants have a 50% lower soluble sugar content compared to WT and EN. The total phenolic acids content was at least 30% higher in micropropagated (IN) and regenerated (EN) plants compared to WT. The total saponin content in IN and EN plants was 36 and 25 times higher compared to WT. The AOX capacity of IN plants was on average three times higher compared to other treatments. However, no correlation was found between the AOX activity and total phenolic acids or total saponins. A negative and significant correlation (r = -0.927; p = 0.003) was found between the AOX activity and the total soluble sugars content. Micropropagated plants of A. salmiana have a different phytochemical content and bioactivity after the in vitro process compared to wild plants. The micropropagation process could be used as a platform for phytochemical enhancement of Agave plants.

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Micropropagation of Agave salmiana: Means to Production of Antioxidant and Bioactive Principles.

The saponin composition of Agave durangensis foliar tissue was assessed by HPLC/DAD to determine the diversity and abundance of these secondary metabolites in that taxon, and also to analyze, the surfacting properties of those terpenic derivatives for removing arsenic in water. Four different steroidal saponins were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.380 to 3.472 mg/g dry tissue, in the leaves of this species of Agave, which are removed and left in the field as waste, when the plants are gathered to elaborate mescal. The total concentration of saponins estimated ((6.165 mg/g dry tissue) suggests that A. durangensis is an important source of steroidal saponins, having relevant properties for removing arsenic from water (above 90%). This study is a contribution to the knowledge of that species of plant and reveals a potential additional use to the integral management of this resource.

José Bernardo Proal-Nájera

Papers

SURFACTANT PROPERTIES OF THE SAPONINS OF Agave Durangensis, APPLICATION ON ARSENIC REMOVAL